第1个回答 2009-10-28
又是个道听途说的瞎编故事而已，一点求真求实的气力不愿意花就绘声绘色给别人讲，还对伪事实大发感慨——国内作者们一贯的作风。这个故事的版本就像下面这样：
谢林顿的传奇故事
1932年12月10日，瑞典斯德哥尔摩加罗林医学院外科研究院诺贝尔委员会宣布：本年度的诺贝尔生理学或医学奖，授予英国的生理学家查尔斯·谢林顿。
这种全世界科学方面的最高荣誉，使谢林顿成为当时英国最著名的科学家之一。可一些了解他过去的人们却心存怀疑：当真是谢林顿获诺贝尔奖了吗？这怎么可能？
熟人们的怀疑是有些根据的。
1857年，谢林顿出生在英国的一处贫民窟里，不久成了孤儿，险些被冻死，幸亏被一位牧师送到了教堂里教养起来。人们不知道他的父母是什么人，只知道他们已经死了。
由于缺乏父母的照顾和教育，童年的谢林顿染上许多恶习；打架、抢劫、偷窃，无所不为。虽然，牧师把他领进教堂，他也是恶习难改，因此，周围的人都说他“不是好种”。教堂四邻都相互告诫，对他这种街头恶少最好的办法是都不要理他。
当时，只有牧师对挽救他抱有坚定的信念，因为耶稣不也是降生在马槽里吗？可是，不懂事的谢林顿，依旧胡作非为，不思悔改。连牧师也不得不摇头叹息起来。
谢林顿看惯、受惯别人鄙视的嘴脸，也就不大在乎了，折腾得更厉害。后来，连牛奶棚里那位最善良的挤奶女工，也不愿意再搭理他了。厚颜无耻的谢林顿不但未察觉出来，还以为那位挤奶女工对他有意呢。
一天，他忽然产生一阵冲动，轻率地向挤奶女工求婚。谁料到，人家这样严词拒绝：
“我宁愿跳到泰晤士河里淹死，也不能嫁给你！”
谢林顿认为这是自己有生以来，所遭到的最致命的一个闷棍。这一闷棍使他清醒过来，成了他的转折点。
晚上，他请求牧师把他介绍到别的教堂里去，说：“谢谢你，牧师，请让我换个环境吧，不然，我可真要沉沦了！”
从此，谢林顿悄悄离开了伦敦。
他隐姓埋名，发愤读书，读了剑桥大学后，还连续攻读和研究中枢神经系统生理学。
有志者，事竟成。
20多年之后，谢林顿成了英国首屈一指的生理学家。他先后在伦敦大学、利物浦大学和牛津大学任教授。他详细研究了姿式和行走的反射基础，给中枢神经系统的整和功能作了具体生动的描绘。他对脊髓反射机制进行了深入分析，所提出的关于神经元和突触活动的基本概念，对以后神经生理学的发展影响很大。其中，尤其在中枢神经系统生理学方面有重要贡献。因此，荣获诺贝尔生理或医学奖。而他的《神经系统的整合作用》一书，是一部生理学的经典著作。
写到这里，连我也觉得谢林顿的传奇经历，真像一部神话故事。纵然让想象力最丰富的人来，也未必能猜到他会有如此光辉的未来。但这个神话又是完全真实的。关于他的成就的介绍，是国内外专家们逐字逐句斟酌敲定的，刊印在《辞海》上的。
从这里，可以给我们许多重要的启示。
首先，人是可以变化的。尤其是当环境起了变化之后，必定给人的变化带来影响。当然，实现这种变化，重要的是出现某种契机，这是事物转化的关键。谢林顿变化的契机，自然应感谢那位挤奶女工的一闷棍，把他击醒了，使他产生了一番要活出个人样来的志气。有了内在的动力，加上外部环境的改善，他的变化就是必然的了。
其次，人是具有巨大潜力的。人们往往仰慕伟人的成就，实际上，这些伟人不过是实现了他们该实现的东西，而普通人则未能实现该实现的东西。为什么会造成这种差别？除了客观因素之外，个人的心理因素差异是不容忽视的。成功者一般都是充满自信的，富有开拓甚至冒险精神，这就使其抓住了成功的机会。而失败者恰恰缺乏自信，不敢冒险，所以始终不能跨出关键的一步，对成功的机会只能望而兴叹。
对于像谢林顿这样被称为“街头恶少”的人，还有一个如何对待人言的问题。有好心者曾到处呼吁，不要歧视失足者，要伸出温暖的手拉他们一把。这无疑是不错的。但我以为，更重要的不是等别人伸出挽救的手，而是失足者顽强地站起来自救。
别人的歧视固然不对，但这种歧视的存在是合理的，它显示了一种社会道德观念对破坏者的愤慨态度。真正有自救能力的人，是不应惧怕歧视的，并且会把这种歧视当做正常现象，当做促进自己转变的动力。就像谢林顿对那一闷棍的态度一样。
从某种意义上说，失足者比未失足者进步更快。当然，这是指那些失足后有强烈自救愿望的人。他们尝到了人们歧视或压迫的滋味之后，往往会产生一种与旧有习惯叛裂的爆发力，一种宁死不回头的坚毅精神。这些努力常常可以形成新的十分可贵的品质，有益于取得成就。许多正常人因为超稳定的生活，反而可能失去某些激情和才智。自然，这不是说想成功先要去失足，而是强调应避免一种惰性因素的滋长。
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但是稍微查一下就知道， 查尔斯·斯科特·谢灵顿（Charles Scott Sherrington）的身世和家庭像这个故事说得那样吗？看看就知道：
Sir Charles Sherrington
The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1932
Charles Scott Sherrington was born on November 27, 1857, at Islington, London. He was the son of James Norton Sherrington, of Caister, Great Yarmouth, who died when Sherrington was a young child. Sherrington's mother later married Dr. Caleb Rose of Ipswich, a good classical scholar and a noted archaeologist, whose interest in the English artists of the Norwich School no doubt gave Sherrington the interest in art that he retained throughout his life.
In 1876 Sherrington began medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital and in 1878 passed the primary examination of the Royal College of Surgeons, and a year later the primary examination for the Fellowship of that College. After a short stay at Edinburgh he went, in 1879, to Cambridge as a noncollegiate student studying physiology under Michael Foster, and in 1880 entered Gonville and Caius College there.
In 1881 he attended a medical congress in London at which Sir Michael Foster discussed the work of Sir Charles Bell and others on the experimental study of the functions of nerves that was then being done in England and elsewhere in Europe. At this congress controversy arose about the effects of excisions of parts of the cortex of the brains of dogs and monkeys done by Ferrier and Goltz of Strasbourg. Subsequently, Sherrington worked on this problem in Cambridge with Langley, and with him published, in 1884, a paper on it. In this manner Sherrington was introduced to the neurological work to which he afterwards devoted his life.
In 1883 Sherrington became Demonstrator of Anatomy at Cambridge under Professor Sir George Humphrey, and during the winter session of 1883-1884 at St. Thomas's Hospital he demonstrated histology.
The years 1884 and 1885 were eventful ones for Sherrington, for during the winter of 1884-1885 he worked with Goltz at Strasbourg, in 1884 he obtained his M.R.C.S., and in 1885 a First Class in the Natural Sciences Tripos at Cambridge with distinction. During this year he published a paper of his own on the subject of Goltz's dogs. In 1885 he also took his M.B. degree at Cambridge and in 1886 his L.R.C.P.
In 1885 Sherrington went, as a member of a Committee of the Association for Research in Medicine, to Spain to study an outbreak of cholera, and in 1886 he visited the Venice district also to investigate the same disease, the material then obtained being examined in Berlin under the supervision of Virchow, who later sent Sherrington to Robert Koch for a six weeks' course in technique. Sherrington stayed with Koch to do research in bacteriology for a year, and in 1887 he was appointed Lecturer in Systematic Physiology at St. Thomas's Hospital, London, and also was elected a Fellow of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge. In 1891 he was appointed in succession to Sir Victor Horsley, Professor and Superintendent of the Brown Institute for Advanced Physiological and Pathological Research in London. In 1895 he became Professor of Physiology at the University of Liverpool.
During his earlier years in Cambridge, Sherrington, influenced by W. H. Gaskell and by the Spanish neurologist, Ramón y Cajal, whom he had met during his visit to Spain, took up the study of the spinal cord. By 1891 his mind had turned to the problems of spinal reflexes, which were being much discussed at that time, and Sherrington published several papers on this subject and, during 1892-1894, others on the efferent nerve supply of muscles. Later, from 1893-1897, he studied the distribution of the segmented skin fields, and made the important discovery that about one-third of the nerve fibres in a nerve supplying a muscle are efferent, the remainder being motor.
At Liverpool he returned to his earlier study of the problem of the innervation of antagonistic muscles and showed that reflex inhibition played an important part in this. In addition to this, however, he was studying the connection between the brain and the spinal cord by way of the pyramidal tract, and he was at this time visited by the American surgeon Harvey Cushing, then a young man, who stayed with him for eight months.
In 1906 he published his well-known book: The Integrative Action of the Nervous System, being his Silliman Lectures held at Yale University the previous year, and in 1913 he was invited to become Waynfleet Professor of Physiology at Oxford, a post for which he had unsuccessfully applied in 1895, and here he remained until his retirement in 1936. Here he wrote, and published in 1919, his classic book entitled Mammalian Physiology: a Course of Practical Exercises, and here he regularly taught the students for whom this book was written.
In physique Sherrington was a well-built, but not very tall man with a strong constitution which enabled him to carry out prolonged researches.
During the First World War, as Chairman of the Industrial Fatigue Board, he worked for a time in a shell factory at Birmingham, and the daily shift of 13 hours, with a Sunday shift of 9 hours, did not, at the age of 57, tire him. From his early years he was short-sighted, but he often worked without spectacles.
The predominant notes of his character as a man were his humility and friendliness and the generosity with which he gave to others his advice and valuable time. An interesting feature of him is that he published, in 1925, a book of verse entitled The Assaying of Brabantius and other Verse, which caused one reviewer to hope that «Miss Sherrington» would publish more verse. He was also sensitive to the music of prose, and this and the poet in him, but also the biologist and philosopher, were evident in his Rede Lecture at Cambridge in 1933 on The Brain and its Mechanism, in which he denied our scientific right to join mental with physiological experience.
The philosopher in him ultimately found expression in his great book, Man on his Nature, which was the published title of the Gifford Lectures for 1937-1938, which Sherrington gave. As is well known, this book, published in 1940, centres round the life and views of the 16th century French physician Jean Fernel and round Sherrington's own views. In 1946 Sherrington published another volume entitled The Endeavour of Jean Fernel.
Sherrington was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1893, where he gave the Croonian Lecture in 1897, and was awarded the Royal Medal in 1905 and the Copley Medal in 1927. In 1922 the Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the British Empire and in 1924 the Order of Merit were conferred upon him. He held honorary doctorates of the Universities of Oxford, London, Sheffield, Birmingham, Manchester, Liverpool, Wales, Edinburgh, Glasgow, Paris, Strasbourg, Louvain, Uppsala, Lyons, Budapest, Athens, Brussels, Berne, Toronto, Montreal, and Harvard.
As a boy and a young man Sherrington was a notable athlete both at Queen Elizabeth's School, Ipswich, where he went in 1871, and later at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge, for which College he rowed and played rugby football; he was also a pioneer of winter sports at Grindelwald.
In 1892 Sherrington married Ethel Mary, daughter of John Ely Wright, of Preston Manor, Suffolk. After some years of frail health, during which, however, he remained mentally very alert, he died suddenly of heart failure at Eastbourne in 1952.
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另一篇：
Early years and education
Charles Scott Sherrington was born in Islington, London, England on 27 November 1857. Although official biographies claimed that he was the son of James Norton Sherrington, a country doctor, and his wife Anne Brookes, née Thurtell, Charles and his brothers, William and George, were in fact almost certainly the illegitimate sons of Anne Brookes Sherrington and Caleb Rose, an eminent Ipswich surgeon. Caleb's father, Caleb Burrell Rose, was indeed a country doctor (in Swaffham, Norfolk) and was also a well-known amateur geologist who published the first geological study of Norfolk. James Norton Sherrington, Anne Thurtell's first husband, was an ironmonger and artist's colourman in Great Yarmouth, not a doctor, and died in Yarmouth in 1848, nearly 9 years before Charles was born. The births of the three Sherrington boys do not appear to have been officially registered and their baptism records have not yet been identified, but in the 1861 census the elder two were listed in the household of their mother, Anne Sherrington (widow) at 14 College Terrace, Islington, identified as Charles Scott (boarder, 4, born India) and William Stainton (boarder, 2, born Liverpool), while Caleb Rose was listed a visitor and his 11-year-old son Edward Rose was also described as a boarder. On the night of the census Anne Sherrington must have been 4½ months pregnant with her third son, George, who was born in August 1861. During the 1860s the whole family moved to Anglesea Road, Ipswich, reputedly because London exacerbated Caleb Rose's tendency to asthma, and appeared in the census there in 1871, but Caleb and Anne were not actually married until the last quarter of 1880, following the death of Caleb's first wife, Isabella, in Edinburgh, Scotland, on 1 October 1880.
Caleb Rose was noteworthy as both a classical scholar and an archaeologist. At the family's Edgehill House in Ipswich one could find a fine selection of paintings, books, and geological specimens. Through Rose's interest in the English artists of the Norwich School, Sherrington gained a love of art. Intellectuals frequented the house regularly. It was this environment that fostered Sherrington's academic sense of wonder. Even before matriculation, the young Sherrington had read Johannes Müller's Elements of Physiology. The book was given to Sherrington by Caleb Rose.
Sherrington entered Ipswich School in 1871.Thomas Ashe, a famous English poet, worked at the school. Ashe served as an inspiration to Sherrington, the former instilling a love of classics and a desire to travel in the latter.
Rose had pushed Sherrington towards medicine. Sherrington first began to study with the Royal College of Surgeons of England. Sherrington also sought to study at Cambridge, but a bank failure had devastated the family's finances. Sherrington elected to enroll at St Thomas' Hospital in September 1876 as a "perpetual pupil".He did so in order to allow his two younger brothers to do so ahead of him. The two studied law there. Medical studies at St. Thomas's Hospital were intertwined with studies at Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge.Physiology was Sherrington's chosen major at Cambridge. There, he studied under the "father of British physiology," Sir Michael Foster.
Sherrington played football for his grammar school, and for Ipswich Town Football Club, rugby St. Thomas's, was on the rowing team at Oxford. During June 1875, Sherrington passed his preliminary examination in general education at the Royal College. This preliminary exam was required for Fellowship, and also exempted him from a similar exam for the Membership. In April 1878, he passed his Primary Examination for the Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons, and 12 months later the Primary for Fellowship.
In October 1879, Sherrington entered Cambridge as a non-collegiate student. The following year he entered Gonville and Caius College. Sherrington was quite the student. Walter Holbrook Gaskell, one of Sherrington's tutors, informed him in November 1881 that he had earned the highest marks for his year in botany, human anatomy, and physiology; second in zoology; and highest overall. John Newport Langley was Sherrington's other tutor. The two were interested in how anatomical structure is expressed in physiological function.
Sherrington earned his Membership of the Royal College of Surgeons on 4 August 1884. In 1885, he obtained a First Class in the National Science Tripos with the mark of distinction. In the same year, Sherrington earned the degree of M.B., Bachelor of Medicine and Surgery from Cambridge. In 1886, Sherrington added the title of L.R.C.P., Licentiate of the Royal College of Physicians.
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1932年得诺奖的可没有第二个谢灵顿。可见除了名字和获诺贝尔奖是真的其它都是胡说八道。倒是挺会偷换概念，说：“这个神话又是完全真实的。关于他的成就的介绍，是国内外专家们逐字逐句斟酌敲定的，刊印在《辞海》上的。”——他的成就是国内外专家们逐字逐句斟酌敲定印在《辞海》上的没错，构成这个“神话”的其它部分呢？是谁闭着眼睛瞎编的？这样不负责任的大嘴作者能教育别人吗？