This lack of resources meant that the first major road was not established until the latter part of the seventeenth century. These roads were known as turnpike roads where the road user paid a toll. The first sections were known as the Great North Road and has since become the A1 trunk road. In the following century Turnpike Trusts were established to provide turnpike roads along major routes in the United kingdom. In this improved financial climate roadbuilding techniques evolved thanks to the work of pioneers such as Telford and Macadam. By about 1830 a system of well paved built roads existed such that the only constraints on road traffic and travel times were imposed by the nature of road vehicles.
The next improvement came about with the advent of the railways. With rapid transport between towns now possible, the turnpikes became uneconomical and whilst roadbuilding in towns continued apace the turnpike trusts collapsed. Legislation in the late 19th century set the scene for the current administrative arrangements for highway construction and maintenance but the technology remained primitive and empirical. Only in recent years has that situation improved to any extent and even now most road design is based on empirical relationships and experimental work.．
The present situation is almost a complete reversal, with funding for new roads coming from the private sector. In exchange for building and maintaining the road the owners are paid a toll by the government for each vehicle using the road, a sort of modern turnpike system.
我都说了不要翻译器翻译的。。。。。