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ä¾ 1 对äºè¡¨çæå¦ç®¡çæ°æ®åºä¸ç表 STUDENTS ï¼å¯ä»¥å®ä¹å¦ä¸ï¼
CREATE TABLE STUDENTS
(SNO NUMERIC (6, 0) NOT NULL
SNAME CHAR (8) NOT NULL
AGE NUMERIC(3,0)
SEX CHAR(2)
BPLACE CHAR(20)
PRIMARY KEY(SNO))
ä¾ 2 对äºè¡¨çæå¦ç®¡çæ°æ®åºä¸ç表 ENROLLS ï¼å¯ä»¥å®ä¹å¦ä¸ï¼
CREATE TABLE ENROLLS
(SNO NUMERIC(6,0) NOT NULL
CNO CHAR(4) NOT NULL
GRADE INT
PRIMARY KEY(SNO,CNO)
FOREIGN KEY(SNO) REFERENCES STUDENTS(SNO)
FOREIGN KEY(CNO) REFERENCES COURSES(CNO)
CHECK ((GRADE IS NULL) OR (GRADE BETWEEN 0 AND 100)))
ä¾ 3 æ ¹æ®è¡¨ç STUDENTS 表ï¼å»ºç«ä¸ä¸ªåªå
å«å¦å·ãå§åãå¹´é¾ç女å¦ç表ã
CREATE TABLE GIRL
AS SELECT SNO, SNAME, AGE
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE SEX=' 女 ';
ä¾ 4 å é¤æå¸è¡¨ TEACHER ã
DROP TABLE TEACHER
ä¾ 5 å¨æå¸è¡¨ä¸å¢å ä½ååã
ALTER TABLE TEACHERS
ADD (ADDR CHAR(50))
ä¾ 6 æ STUDENTS 表ä¸ç BPLACE åå é¤ï¼å¹¶ä¸æå¼ç¨ BPLACE åçææè§å¾å约æä¹ä¸èµ·å é¤ã
ALTER TABLE STUDENTS
DROP BPLACE CASCADE
ä¾ 7 è¡¥å
å®ä¹ ENROLLS 表ç主å
³é®åã
ALTER TABLE ENROLLS
ADD PRIMARY KEY (SNO,CNO) ï¼
è§å¾æä½ï¼è表ï¼
ä¾ 9 建ç«ä¸ä¸ªåªå
æ¬æå¸å·ãå§ååå¹´é¾çè§å¾ FACULTY ã ( å¨è§å¾å®ä¹ä¸ä¸è½å
å« ORDER BY åå¥ )
CREATE VIEW FACULTY
AS SELECT TNO, TNAME, AGE
FROM TEACHERS
ä¾ 10 ä»å¦ç表ã课ç¨è¡¨åé课表ä¸äº§çä¸ä¸ªè§å¾ GRADE_TABLE ï¼ å®å
æ¬å¦çå§åã课ç¨ååæ绩ã
CREATE VIEW GRADE_TABLE
AS SELECT SNAME,CNAME,GRADE
FROM STUDENTS,COURSES,ENROLLS
WHERE STUDENTS.SNO ï¼ ENROLLS.SNO AND
COURSES.CNO=ENROLLS.CNO
ä¾ 11 å é¤è§å¾ GRADE_TABLE
DROP VIEW GRADE_TABLE RESTRICT
ç´¢å¼æä½
ä¾ 12 å¨å¦ç表ä¸æå¦å·å»ºç«ç´¢å¼ã
CREATE UNIQUE INDEX ST
ON STUDENTS (SNO,ASC)
ä¾ 13 å é¤æå¦å·æ建ç«çç´¢å¼ã
DROP INDEX ST
æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼æä½
ä¾ 14 å建ä¸ä¸ªç®ææå¦æ°æ®åºçæ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼ TEACHING_DB ï¼å±ä¸»ä¸º ZHANG ã
CREATE SCHEMA TEACHING_DB AUTHRIZATION ZHANG
ä¾ 15 å é¤ç®ææå¦æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼ TEACHING_DB ãï¼ï¼ 1 ï¼éç¨ CASCADE ï¼å³å½å é¤æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼æ¶ï¼åæ¬æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼åå
¶ä¸å±çåºæ¬è¡¨ãè§å¾ãç´¢å¼çå
¨é¨è¢«å é¤ãï¼ 2 ï¼éç¨ RESTRICT ï¼å³æ¬æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼ä¸å±çåºæ¬è¡¨ãè§å¾ãç´¢å¼çäºå
å·²æ¸
é¤ï¼æè½å é¤æ¬æ°æ®åºæ¨¡å¼ï¼å¦åæç»å é¤ãï¼
DROP SCHEMA TEACHING_DB CASCADE
å表æä½
ä¾ 16 æ¾åº 3 个å¦åç课ç¨å·å课ç¨åã
SELECT CNO, CNAME
FROM COURSES
WHERE CREDIT ï¼ 3
ä¾ 17 æ¥è¯¢å¹´é¾å¤§äº 22 å²çå¦çæ
åµã
SELECT *
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE ï¼ 22
ä¾ 18 æ¾åºç±è´¯ä¸ºæ²³åçç·ççå§ååå¹´é¾ã
SELECT SNAME, AGE
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE BPLACE ï¼ ' æ²³å ' AND SEX ï¼ ' ç· '
ä¾ 19 æ¾åºå¹´é¾å¨ 20 ï½ 23 å²ä¹é´çå¦ççå¦å·ãå§ååå¹´é¾ï¼å¹¶æå¹´é¾ååºæåºã (ASC ï¼ååºï¼æ DESC ï¼éåºï¼å£°ææåºçæ¹å¼ï¼ç¼ºç为ååºã )
SELECT SNO, SNAME, AGE
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE BETWEEN 20 AND 23
ORDER BY AGE
ä¾ 20 æ¾åºå¹´é¾å°äº 23 å²ãç±è´¯æ¯æ¹åææ¹åçå¦ççå§ååæ§å«ãï¼æ¡ä»¶æ¯è¾è¿ç®ç¬¦ï¼ãï¼ åé»è¾è¿ç®ç¬¦ AND ï¼ä¸ï¼ï¼æ¤å¤è¿å¯ä»¥ä½¿ç¨çè¿ç®ç¬¦æï¼ï¼ï¼å¤§äºï¼ãï¼ï¼ï¼å¤§äºçäºï¼ãï¼ï¼ï¼å°äºçäºï¼ãï¼ï¼ï¼ä¸çäºï¼ã NOT ï¼éï¼ã OR ï¼æï¼çã
è°è¯ LIKE åªè½ä¸å符串èç¨ï¼å¸¸å¸¸æ¯ â ï¼ååï¼ LIKE patternâ çæ ¼å¼ãç¹æ®å符 â_â å â%â ä½ä¸ºéé
符ã
è°è¯ IN 表示æå®çå±æ§åºä¸åé¢çéåï¼æ¬å·ä¸çå¼éææ个æ¥è¯¢åå¥çç»æï¼ä¸çæ个å¼ç¸å¹é
ï¼å®é
ä¸æ¯ä¸ç³»åç OR ï¼æï¼ç缩åãè°è¯ NOT IN 表示æå®çå±æ§ä¸ä¸åé¢çéåä¸çæ个å¼ç¸å¹é
ã
è°è¯ BETWEEN æ¯ â å
å«äº ⦠ä¹ä¸ â çææãï¼
SELECT SNAME, SEX
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE ï¼ 23 AND BPLACE LIKE' æ¹ï¼
'
æ
SELECT SNAME, SEX
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE ï¼ 23 AND BPLACE IN ï¼ ' æ¹å ' ï¼ ' æ¹å ' ï¼
ä¾ 22 æ¾åºå¦ç表ä¸ç±è´¯æ¯ç©ºå¼çå¦ççå§ååæ§å«ãï¼å¨ SQL ä¸ä¸è½ä½¿ç¨æ¡ä»¶ï¼ï¼ååï¼ï¼ NULL ãå¨ SQL ä¸åªæä¸ä¸ªç¹æ®çæ¥è¯¢æ¡ä»¶å
许æ¥è¯¢ NULL å¼ï¼ï¼
SELECT SNAME, SEX
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE BPLACE IS NULL
å¤è¡¨æä½
ä¾ 23 æ¾åºæ绩为 95 åçå¦ççå§åãï¼åæ¥è¯¢ï¼
SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE SNO ï¼
(SELECT SNO
FROM ENROLLS
WHERE GRADE ï¼ 95)
ä¾ 24 æ¾åºæç»©å¨ 90 å以ä¸çå¦ççå§åã
SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE SNO IN
(SELECT SNO
FROM ENROLLS
WHERE GRADE ï¼ 90)
æ
SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE SNO ï¼ ANY
(SELECT SNO
FROM ENROLLS
WHERE GRADE ï¼ 90)
ä¾ 25 æ¥è¯¢å
¨é¨å¦ççå¦çååæå¦è¯¾ç¨å·åæ绩ãï¼è¿æ¥æ¥è¯¢ï¼
SELECT SNAME, CNO, GRADE
FROM STUDENTS, ENROLLS
WHERE STUDENTS.SNO ï¼ ENROLLS.SNO
ä¾ 26 æ¾åºç±è´¯ä¸ºå±±è¥¿ææ²³åï¼æ绩为 90 å以ä¸çå¦ççå§åãç±è´¯åæ绩ãï¼å½æé å¤è¡¨è¿æ¥æ¥è¯¢å½ä»¤æ¶ï¼å¿
é¡»éµå¾ªä¸¤æ¡è§åã第ä¸ï¼è¿æ¥æ¡ä»¶æ°æ£å¥½æ¯è¡¨æ°å° 1 ï¼è¥æä¸ä¸ªè¡¨ï¼å°±æ两个è¿æ¥æ¡ä»¶ ) ï¼ç¬¬äºï¼è¥ä¸ä¸ªè¡¨ä¸ç主å
³é®åæ¯ç±å¤ä¸ªåç»æï¼å对æ¤ä¸»å
³é®åä¸çæ¯ä¸ä¸ªåé½è¦æä¸ä¸ªè¿æ¥æ¡ä»¶ï¼ä¹æå°æ°ä¾å¤æ
åµï¼ï¼
SELECT SNAME, BPLACE, GRADE
FROM STUDENTS, ENROLLS
WHERE BPLACE IN (â 山西 ' ï¼ â æ²³å ') AND GRADE ï¼ï¼ 90 AND STUDENTS.SNO=ENROLLS.SNO
ä¾ 28 æ¥åºè¯¾ç¨æç»©å¨ 80 å以ä¸ç女å¦ççå§åã课ç¨ååæ绩ãï¼ FROM åå¥ä¸çåæ¥è¯¢ï¼
SELECT SNAME,CNAME, GRADE
FROM (SELECT SNAME, CNAME , GRADE
FROM STUDENTS, ENROLLS,COURSES
WHERE SEX ï¼ ' 女 ')
AS TEMP (SNAME, CNAME,GRADE)
WHERE GRADE ï¼ 80
表达å¼ä¸å½æ°ç使ç¨
ä¾ 29 æ¥è¯¢å课ç¨çå¦æ¶æ°ãï¼ç®æ¯è¡¨è¾¾å¼ç±ç®æ¯è¿ç®ç¬¦ï¼ãï¼ã * ãï¼ä¸ååææ°å¼å¸¸éæç»æãï¼
SELECT CNAME,COURSE_TIME ï¼ CREDIT*16
FROM COURSES
ä¾ 30 æ¾åºæå¸çæå°å¹´é¾ãï¼å
é¨å½æ°ï¼ SQL æ åä¸åªä½¿ç¨ COUNT ã SUM ã AVG ã MAX ã MIN å½æ°ï¼ç§°ä¹ä¸ºèéå½æ°ï¼ Set Function ï¼ã COUNT å½æ°çç»ææ¯è¯¥åç»è®¡å¼çæ»æ°ç®ï¼ SUM å½æ°æ±è¯¥åç»è®¡å¼ä¹åï¼ AVG å½æ°æ±è¯¥åç»è®¡å¼ä¹å¹³åå¼ï¼ MAX å½æ°æ±è¯¥åæ大å¼ï¼ MIN å½æ°æ±è¯¥åæå°å¼ãï¼
SELECT MIN(AGE)
FROM TEACHERS
ä¾ 31 ç»è®¡å¹´é¾å°äºçäº 22 å²çå¦ç人æ°ãï¼ç»è®¡ï¼
SELECT COUNT(*)
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE < ï¼ 22
ä¾ 32 æ¾åºå¦ççå¹³åæ绩åæå¦è¯¾ç¨é¨æ°ã
SELECT SNO, AVG(GRADE), COURSES ï¼ COUNT(*)
FROM ENROLLS
GROUP BY SNO
ä¾ 34 æ¾åºå¹´é¾è¶
è¿å¹³åå¹´é¾çå¦çå§åã
SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE AGE ï¼
(SELECT AVG(AGE)
FROM STUDENTS)
ä¾ 35 æ¾åºå课ç¨çå¹³åæ绩ï¼æ课ç¨å·åç»ï¼ä¸åªéæ©å¦çè¶
è¿ 3 人ç课ç¨çæ绩ãï¼ GROUP BY ä¸ HAVING
GROUP BY åå¥æä¸ä¸ªè¡¨ææä¸æå®åï¼æä¸äºåï¼ä¸çå¼ç¸ççåååç»ï¼ç¶åå对æ¯ç»æ°æ®è¿è¡è§å®çæä½ã
GROUP BY åå¥æ»æ¯è·å¨ WHERE åå¥åé¢ï¼å½ WHERE åå¥ç¼ºçæ¶ï¼å®è·å¨ FROM åå¥åé¢ã
HAVING åå¥å¸¸ç¨äºå¨è®¡ç®åºèéä¹å对è¡çæ¥è¯¢è¿è¡æ§å¶ãï¼
SELECT CNO, AVG(GRADE), STUDENTS ï¼ COUNT(*)
FROM ENROLLS
GROUP BY CNO
HAVING COUNT(*) >= 3
ç¸å
³åæ¥è¯¢
ä¾ 37 æ¥è¯¢æ²¡æéä»»ä½è¯¾ç¨çå¦ççå¦å·åå§åãï¼å½ä¸ä¸ªåæ¥è¯¢æ¶åå°ä¸ä¸ªæ¥èªå¤é¨æ¥è¯¢çåæ¶ï¼ç§°ä¸ºç¸å
³åæ¥è¯¢ï¼ Correlated Subquery) ãç¸å
³åæ¥è¯¢è¦ç¨å°åå¨æµè¯è°è¯ EXISTS å NOT EXISTS ï¼ä»¥å ALL ã ANY ï¼ SOME ï¼çãï¼
SELECT SNO, SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM ENROLLS
WHERE ENROLLS.SNO=STUDENTS.SNO)
ä¾ 38 æ¥è¯¢åªäºè¯¾ç¨åªæç·çé读ã
SELECT DISTINCT CNAME
FROM COURSES C
WHERE ' ç· ' ï¼ ALL
(SELECT SEX
FROM ENROLLS ï¼ STUDENTS
WHERE ENROLLS.SNO=STUDENTS.SNO AND
ENROLLS.CNO=C.CNO)
ä¾ 39 è¦æ±ç»åºä¸å¼ å¦çãç±è´¯å表ï¼è¯¥è¡¨ä¸çå¦ççç±è´¯ç份ï¼ä¹æ¯å
¶ä»ä¸äºå¦ççç±è´¯ç份ã
SELECT SNAME, BPLACE
FROM STUDENTS A
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM STUDENTS B
WHERE A.BPLACE=B.BPLACE AND
A.SNO < > B.SNO)
ä¾ 40 æ¾åºéä¿®äºå
¨é¨è¯¾ç¨çå¦ççå§åã
æ¬æ¥è¯¢å¯ä»¥æ¹ä¸ºï¼æ¥è¯¢è¿æ ·ä¸äºå¦çï¼æ²¡æä¸é¨è¯¾ç¨æ¯ä»ä¸éä¿®çã
SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM COURSES
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT *
FROM ENROLLS
WHERE ENROLLS.SNO ï¼ STUDENTS.SNO
AND ENROLLS.CNO ï¼ COURSES.CNO))
å
³ç³»ä»£æ°è¿ç®
ä¾ 41 设ææååºå·¥ä½äººåçä¸¤å¼ è¡¨ï¼è¥ä¸å表 SP_SUBORD åè¥éç»ç表 SP_MGR ï¼å
¶å
³ç³»æ°æ®æ¨¡å¼å¦ä¸ï¼
SP_SUBORD (SALPERS_ID, SALPERS_NAME, MANAGER_ID, OFFICE)
SP_MGR (SALPERS_ID, SALPERS_NAME, MANAGER_ID, OFFICE)
å
¶ä¸ï¼å±æ§ SALPERS_ID 为工ä½äººåçç¼å· , SALPERS_NAME 为工ä½äººåçå§å , MANAGER_ID 为æå¨é¨é¨ç»ççç¼å· , OFFICE 为工ä½å°ç¹ã
è¥æ¥è¯¢å
¨é¨ååºå·¥ä½äººåï¼å¯ä»¥ç¨ä¸é¢ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
(SELECT * FROM SP_SUBORD)
UNION
(SELECT * FROM SP_MGR)
æçä»·å°ç¨ä¸é¢ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
SELECT *
FROM (TABLE SP_SUBORD UNION TABLE SP_MGR)
ï¼ 2 ï¼ INTERSECT
(SELECT * FROM SP_SUBORD)
INTERSECT
(SELECT * FROM SP_MGR)
æçä»·å°ç¨ä¸é¢ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
SELECT *
FROM (TABLE SP_SUBORD INTERSECT TABLE SP_MGR)
æç¨å¸¦ ALL ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
(SELECT * FROM SP_SUBORD)
INTERSECT ALL
(SELECT * FROM SP_MGR)
æ
SELECT *
FROM (TABLE SP_SUBORD INTERSECT ALL TABLE SP_MGR)
ï¼ 3 ï¼ EXCEPT
(SELECT * FROM SP_MGR)
EXCEPT
(SELECT * FROM SP_SUBORD)
æçä»·å°ç¨ä¸é¢ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
SELECT *
FROM (TABLE SP_MGR EXCEPT TABLE SP_ SUBORD)
æç¨å¸¦ ALL ç SQL è¯å¥ï¼
(SELECT * FROM SP_MGR)
EXCEPT ALL
(SELECT * FROM SP_SUBORD)
ä¾ 42 æ¥è¯¢ç±è´¯ä¸ºåå·ã课ç¨æç»©å¨ 80 å以ä¸çå¦çä¿¡æ¯åå
¶æ绩ãï¼èªç¶è¿æ¥ï¼
(SELECT * FROM STUDENTS
WHERE BPLACE=â åå· ')
NATURAL JOIN
(SELECT * FROM ENROLLS
WHERE GRADE >=80)
ä¾3.43 ååºå
¨é¨æå¸çå§ååå
¶ä»»è¯¾ç课ç¨å·ãç级ã
ï¼å¤è¿æ¥ä¸å¤é¨å¹¶å¤è¿æ¥å
许å¨ç»æ表ä¸ä¿çéå¹é
å
ç»ï¼ç©ºç¼ºé¨å填以 NULL ãå¤è¿æ¥çä½ç¨æ¯å¨åè¿æ¥æä½æ¶é¿å
丢失信æ¯ã
å¤è¿æ¥æ 3 ç±»ï¼
ï¼ 1 ï¼å·¦å¤è¿æ¥ï¼ Left Outer Join ï¼ãè¿æ¥è¿ç®è°è¯ä¸º LEFT [OUTER] JOIN ï¼å
¶ç»æ表ä¸ä¿çå·¦å
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¶ç»æ表ä¸ä¿çå³å
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¨å¤è¿æ¥ï¼ Full Outer Join ï¼ãè¿æ¥è¿ç®è°è¯ä¸º FULL [OUTER] JOIN ï¼å
¶ç»æ表ä¸ä¿çå·¦å³ä¸¤å
³ç³»çææå
ç»ãï¼
SELECT TNAME, CNO, CLASS
FROM TEACHERS LEFT OUTER JOIN TEACHING USING (TNO)
SQL çæ°æ®æ纵
ä¾ 44 ææå¸ææ éªçè®°å½å å
¥å°æå¸è¡¨ TEACHERS ä¸ãï¼æå
¥ï¼
INSERT INTO TEACHERS
VALUES(1476 ï¼ ' ææ éª ' ï¼ 44 ï¼ ' å¯ææ ')
ä¾ 45 æ绩ä¼ç§çå¦çå°çä¸å½æå¸ã
INSERT INTO TEACHERS (TNO ï¼ TNAME)
SELECT DISTINCT SNO ï¼ SNAME
FROM STUDENTS ï¼ ENROLLS
WHERE STUDENTS.SNO ï¼ ENROLLS.SNO AND GRADE ï¼ï¼ 90
ä¾ 47 æææå¦ççå¹´é¾å¢å ä¸å²ãï¼ä¿®æ¹ï¼
UPDATE STUDENTS
SET AGE ï¼ AGE+1
ä¾ 48 å¦çå¼ æ¥æå¨æ°æ®åºè¯¾èè¯ä¸ä½å¼ï¼è¯¥è¯¾æ绩åºä½é¶å计ã
UPDATE ENROLLS
SET GRADE ï¼ 0
WHERE CNO ï¼ 'C1' AND
' å¼ æ¥æ ' ï¼
(SELECT SNAME
FROM STUDENTS
WHERE STUDENTS.SNO=ENROLLS.SNO)
ä¾ 49 ä»æå¸è¡¨ä¸å é¤å¹´é¾å·²å° 60 å²çéä¼æå¸çæ°æ®ãï¼å é¤ï¼
DELETE FROM TEACHERS
WHERE AGE ï¼ï¼ 60
SQL çæ°æ®æ§å¶
ä¾ 50 æäº LILI æ对表 STUDENTS çæ¥è¯¢æãï¼è¡¨ï¼è§å¾ç¹æçæäº
ä¸ä¸ª SQL ç¹æå
许ä¸ä¸ªè¢«ææè
å¨ç»å®çæ°æ®åºå¯¹è±¡ä¸è¿è¡ç¹å®çæä½ãæææä½çæ°æ®åºå¯¹è±¡å
æ¬ï¼è¡¨ / è§å¾ãåãåçãææçæä½å
æ¬ï¼ INSERT ã UPDATE ã DELETE ã SELECT ã REFERENCES ã TRIGGER ã UNDER ã USAGE ã EXECUTE çãå
¶ä¸ INSERT ã UPDATE ã DELETE ã SELECT ã REFERENCES ã TRIGGER æ对表åç¸åºæä½çæéï¼æ
称为表ç¹æãï¼
GRANT SELECT ON STUDENTS
TO LILI
WITH GRANT OPTION
ä¾ 51 åæ¶ LILI çåå STUDENTS 表çç¹æã
REVOKE ALL
ON STUDENTS
FROM LILI CASCADE
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