高考独立主格的语法

Question

查了很多网站还有百度百科，看到头都晕了，能否简单易懂地比较系统地教教我
万分感谢

Answer 1

一、什么是独立主格结构

所谓独立主格结构就是一个与句子相对独立的带有逻辑主语的结构。
由于这个逻辑主语与它所支配的行为状态表达的是辅助主要句子的另一层独立的意思，加之要用代词和名词的主格形式（现代英语中名词的主格与宾格是一致的）表示，因此这种逻辑主语就称作独立主格。逻辑主语加上它所支配的行为状态就构成了一种语法结构，这种语法结构称为独立主格结构。如下列例句中的括号部分：

* (Everyone being ready), the teacher began his class. 每个人都准备好后，老师开始上课。
独立主格（即逻辑主语）：Everyone
独立主格的行为状态：being ready
起到的辅助作用：表示 the teacher began his class 发生的时间

* (It being National Day today)，the streets are very crowded. 由于今天是国庆节,街上很拥挤。
独立主格：It
独立主格的行为状态：being National Day today
起到的辅助作用：表示 the streets are very crowded 的原因

The manager looks relaxed, (many things settled). 由于许多事情已经处理好了，经理看上去很轻松。
独立主格：many things
独立主格的行为状态：settled
起到的辅助作用：表示 The manager looks relaxed 的原因

二、独立主格结构的构成

独立主格由两部分组成——
1、逻辑主语（即独立主格）：由代词的主格或名词充当独立主格
2、叙述语：用来陈述逻辑主语的行为状态。
其中叙述语是独立主格的重点。

三、能够构成独立主格结构中叙述语的词语

1、现在分词（-ing 非谓语动词）

——用作时间状语
The chairman began the meeting , everyone being seated. 每个人坐好后，主席开始开会。（相当于一个时间状语从句after everyone was seated）
——用作原因状语
Many eyes watching him, he felt a bit nervous. 许多眼睛看着他，他感到有点儿紧张。（相当于一个原因状语从句As many eyes were watching him）
——用作条件状语
Time permitting, we will have a picnic next week. 时间允许的话，我们下星期将进行一次野炊。（相当于一个条件状语从句If time permits)
My health allowing, I will work far into the night. 我的健康许可的话，我愿工作到深夜。（相当于一个条件状语从句If my health allows）
——用作伴随方式的状语
The boy lay on the grass, his eyes looking at the sky. 男孩躺在草地上，眼睛看着天空。（相当于一个并列分句and his eyes were looking at the sky）

2、过去分词（-ed非谓语动词）
* The book written in simple English, English beginners were able to read it. 该书是用简单英语写的，英语初学者也能看懂（原因状语 ， = As the book was written in simple English，English beginners were able to read i）
* He was listening attentively in class, his eyes fixed on the blackboard. 他上课专心听讲，眼睛紧盯着黑板。（方式状语，= He was listening attentively in class, and his eyes were fixed on the blackboard. ）
* The task completed, he had two months' leave. 任务完成以后，他休了两个月的假（时间状语。=When the task had been completed,he had two months' leave. ）

3、不定式（to do）
* I send you 100 dollars today, the rest to follow in a year. 现寄给你100美元，其余部分将在一年以后再寄。（方式状语，= I send you 100 dollars today, and the rest is to follow in a year.）
* The manager looks worried，many things to be settled. 经理看上去很着急, 有这么多的事情要处理。（原因状语，= The manager looks worried because many things will be settled）
.
4、形容词短语
* He turned to me, his eyes sleepy. 他睡眼惺忪地转向我。（= He turned to me, and his eyes were sleepy.）
* He stood there, his mouth wide open. 他站在那里，嘴张得大大的。（= He stood there, and his mouth was wide open.）

5、小品副词 .
* School over, we all went home. 放学了，我们都回家了。（= School was over, and we all went home.）
* He sat at his desk, his shoes off. 他坐在课桌旁，没穿鞋子。（ = He sat at his desk and his shoes were off.）

6、介词短语
* He is standing in front of the blackboard, his back towards us. 他站在黑板面前，背对着我们。（ = He was standing in front of the blackboard, and his back was towards us.）
* The new teacher came in, a smile on her face. 新老师面带微笑走了进来。（ = The new teacher came in and she had a smile on her face.）
* The teacher came into the classroom，a rule in his hand. 老师走进教室，手里拿着一把直尺。（ = The teacher came in and a ruler was in his hand.）来自：求助得到的回答

Answer 2

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Answer 3

独立主格结构整理

老师叮咛：李辉老师说，学任何东西先要把一些概念说清楚——名不正则言不顺。做任何一门学问，要知道这里头的概念说的是什么意思，就是正名的过程。因此，明白独立主格结构，至关重要！本文也将通过对独立主格结构的概括来帮助同学学会独立主格结构。下文经过了全网首席高考英语名师李辉老师团队高度认真的整理校对，无错，可信！可供全国各省高中打印、学习、背诵。

一、含义：
“独立主格结构”实质就是带有自己主语的非限定状语从句。它只能依附于句子存在，不能独立存在，在句中有多种作用。如：表原因、表条件、表方式、表伴随、表时间等，在句中通常起状语作用。
二、形式：
独立主格结构在形式上有两部分组成：第一部分有名词或代词担任，第二部分由分词、动词不定式、形容词、副词、或介词短语担任。
名词/代词+非谓语（现在分词，过去分词，动词不定式）
eg: You crying,I smiled.
你哭，我笑。（现在分词）
eg: Good-bye said,she went home.
说再见，她回家了。（过去分词）
eg: So many people to help him, he is sure to succeed.
有如此多的人来帮助他，他一定会成功的。（动词不定式）
名词/代词+介词短语
eg: Hand in hand,we went home.
手拉手，我们回家。
名词/代词+形容词
eg: She ugly,I am handsome.
她丑，我英俊。
名词/代词+副词
eg: My mom home,I can't go out and play.
我的妈妈一回家，我就不能出去玩。
按其结构形式分为：—ing 分词独立主格结构；—ed分词独立主格结构；无动词独立主格结构等。
1、There being nothing else to do, they gone away.
由于无事可做，他们离开了。（代词＋－ing; 表原因）
2、The old man sat in his chair, his eyes closed.
老人坐在椅子上，闭着眼睛。（名词＋－ed; 表状态）
3、Miss Wang come into the classroom, books in hand.
王老师走进教室，手里拿着书。（无动词结构；表伴随）

三、独立主格结构与分词短语作状语的异同：
1、独立主格结构与分词短语都可以转化成状语从句。但是，独立主格结构转换成状语从句后，有自己的逻辑主语，与主句的主语不一致；而分词短语转化为状语从句后，从句的主语与主句的主语相同。
eg: If time permit, we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
Time permitting，we’d better have a rest at this weekend.
如果时间允许，本周末我们最好休息一下。
2、 还应该注意，分词结构的逻辑主语不是总和主句的主语一致，而是主句的其他成分。语法上称作“依着原则”；有些分词结构在句子上找不到它的逻辑主语，语法上称作“悬垂分词”。
eg: Looking for my watch in the room, it had taken me a long time.
在屋里找表，用了我很长时间。（依着原则）
eg: When planting these flowers, care must be taken not to damage the root.
（我们）种花时必须小心，不能碰坏花根。（悬垂分词）
四、独立主格结构与独立成分的异同：
1、有的分词短语可以独立存在，在句子中没有逻辑上的主语，实际上已经成了习惯短语。这些短语：generally speaking; frankly speaking; judging from; supposing等等。
eg: Generally speaking, the rule is very easy to understand.总的来说，这个规则很懂。
2、有些固定短语是带to的不定式，表明说话人的立场和态度，在句中作独立成分。这些短语有：to be honest; to be sure; to tell you the truth; to cut a long story short; to be frank; to make the matter worse等等。
eg: To tell you the truth, what I said at the meeting was not my opinion.
说实话，我在会上说的并不是我的意见。
五、with、without 引导的独立主格结构
介词with/without +宾语+宾语的补足语可以构成独立主格结构，上面讨论过的独立主格结构的几种情况在此结构中都能体现。
1、with+名词代词+形容词
eg: He doesn’t like to sleep with the windows open.
He doesn’t like to sleep when the windows are open.
他并不喜欢在窗户关闭的时候睡觉。
注意：
在“with+名词代词+形容词”构成的独立主格结构中，也可用已形容词化的-ing形式或-ed形式。
eg: With his son so disappointing，the old man felt unhappy.
由于儿子如此令人失望,老人感到很不快乐。
2、with+名词代词+副词
eg: Our school looks even more beautiful with all the lights on.
Our school looks even more beautiful if when all the lights are on.
所有的灯都打开时，我们的学校看上去更美。
3、with+名词代词+介词短语
eg: He stood at the door, with a computer in his hand/He stood at the door, computer in hand.
He stood at the door, and a computer was in his hand.
他站在门口，手里拿着一部电脑。
4、with+名词代词+动词的-ed形式
eg: With his homework done, Peter went out to play.
When his homework was done, Peter went out to play.
作业做好了，彼得出去玩了。
5、with+名词代词+动词的-ing形式
eg: The man felt very happy with so many children sitting around him.
The man felt very happy when he found so many children sitting around him.
有这么多的孩子坐在他周围，那男子感到很高兴。
6、with+名词代词+动词不定式
eg: The little boy looks sad, with so much homework to do.
The little boy looks sad because he has so much homework to do.
有这么多的家庭作业要做，小男孩看上去很不开心。
提示：
在with/without 的复合结构中，多数情况下with 能省略，但without 不能省略。
Without a word more spoken, she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。（without不能省略）
六、独立主格结构的句法功能
独立主格结构在句中除了能充当原因状语、时间状语、条件状语和伴随状语外，还能作定语。在形式上，“独立主格结构”可位于句首、句中或句尾，并通常用逗号与主句隔开。
A．作状语
独立主格结构作状语，其功能相当于一个状语从句或并列分句。
1．表示时间
eg: Night coming on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
When night came on, we put ourselves up in a small hotel.
夜幕降临，我们在一家小旅馆住了下来。
2、表示原因
eg: With a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
As he has a lot of difficult problems to settle, the newly-elected president is having a hard time.
有许多难题要解决，新当选的总统日子不好过。
3、表示条件
eg: Weather permitting, we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
If weather permits，we will hold our yearly sports meeting next week.
如果天气允许的话，我们下星期将举行每年一次的运动会。
提示：
表示时间、原因、条件的独立主格结构一般放在句首，并且不能保留连词。
【误】When class being over, the students left their classroom.
【正】Class(being)over, the students left their classroom.
下课了，学生都离开了教室。
4、表示伴随情况或补充说明
eg: Two hundred people died in the accident, many of them children.
Two hundred people died in the accident and many of them were children.
有两百人在事故中丧生，其中许多是儿童。
B．作定语
独立主格结构作定语，其功能相当于一个定语从句。
eg: He is the person with a lot of questions to be settled. （with 的复合结构作定语,修饰the student）
He is the person who has a lot of questions to be settled.
他就是有许多问题要解决的那个人。
提示：
在这里我们讨论了很多用连词连接的两个句子改为独立主格结构的情况。需要提示的是，不是所有用连词的地方都可以改为独立主格结构。
If you check your test paper carefully, some mistakes can be avoided.
如果你仔细检查试卷的话，有些错误是可以避免的。（不要改为独立主格结构）
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