金融危机对中国的影响论文3000字

Question

如题所述

Answer 1

2007年爆发的美国次贷危机在2008年以来没有出现任何缓和的迹象。美国部分金融机构经营陷入困境的局面，直接引发了全球金融市场的剧烈动荡，次贷危机向全球范围内扩散的速度也开始加快。为了缓解市场危机，一些国家央行通过注资、降息等手段向金融系统紧急注入流动性，一场全球范围的救赎行动正在上演。在这一背景下，此次危机越来越多地受到人们的关注。关于“次贷”形成的背景、表现和原因、损失及影响，以及一些国家应对危机的政策干预和效果评价等问题，成了一个全球性的热点话题。 美国次贷危机是指由于美国次级抵押贷款借款人违约增加，进而影响与次贷有关的金融资产价格大幅下跌导致的全球金融市场的动荡和流动性危机。在这一危机中，高度市场化的金融系统相互衔接产生了特殊的风险传导路径，即低利率环境下的快速信贷扩张，加上独特的利率结构设计使得次贷市场在房价下跌和持续加息后出现偿付危机，按揭贷款的证券化和衍生工具的快速发展，加大了与次贷有关的金融资产价格下跌风险的传染性与冲击力，而金融市场国际一体化程度的不断深化又加快了金融动荡从一国向另一国传递的速度。在信贷市场发生流动性紧缩的情况下，次贷危机最终演变成了一场席卷全球的金融风波。 与传统金融危机不同的是，次贷危机中风险的承担者是全球化的，所造成的损失是不确定的。次贷的证券化分布以及证券化过程中的流动性问题，使得经济金融发展中最担心的不确定性通过次贷危机集中体现出来。也正是由于上述不确定性造成了次贷损失的难以计量和对市场的巨大冲击。既然如此，那么次贷危机会对中国这个全球最大的发展中经济体产生怎样的影响呢？有哪些有用的启示呢？ 由于我国仍然存在一定的资本管制，次贷危机通过金融渠道对中国经济的稳定与健康的直接影响比较有限，对中国经济的短期直接影响总体上不会太大。但在经济全球化的今天，我国与美国、全球经济之间的联系日益密切，因此，次贷危机对我国经济长期发展中的间接影响不可低估。 (一)直接影响：比较有限 1、国内金融机构损失有限 国内一些金融机构购买了部分涉及次贷的金融产品。由于我国国内监管部门对金融机构从事境外信用衍生品交易管制仍然比较严格，这些银行的投资规模并不大。虽然还没有明确的亏损数据，但这些银行的管理层普遍表示，由于涉及次贷的资金金额比重较小，带来的损失对公司整体运营而言，影响轻微，少量的损失也在银行可承受的范围内。 2、国内金融市场动荡加剧 随着国内外金融市场联动性的不断增强，发达国家金融市场的持续动荡，必将对我国国内金融市场产生消极的传导作用。一方面，会直接加剧国内金融市场的动荡；另一方面，外部市场的持续动荡会从心理层面影响经济主体对中国市场的长期预期。以2008年年初为例，部分国际知名大型金融机构不断暴露的次贷巨亏引发了一轮全球性的股灾。1月份，全球股市有5.2万亿美元市值被蒸发，其中，发达国家市场跌幅为7.83%，新兴市场平均跌幅为12.44%，中国A股以21.4%的跌幅位居全球跌幅的前列。持续动荡所导致的不确定性会影响到市场的资金流向，加之香港市场与内地市场的互动关系日益密切，香港市场的持续动荡很可能对内地市场形成实质性的压力。在直接融资比例不断提高的情况下，国内金融市场的动荡很可能会引起国内资产价格的调整，从而进一步影响国内金融市场的稳定。 (二)间接影响：不可低估 1、出口增长可能放缓 在拉动中国经济增长的“三驾马车”中，出口占据着非常重要的位置。从经济总量上看，出口在GDP中的比重不断升高，2006年超过1/3，2007年虽然增速有所回落，仍增长了25.7%。从就业上看，外贸领域企业的就业人数超过8000万人，其中，加工贸易领域就业近4000万人。2001年以来，在所有的对外出口中，中国对美国出口比重一直保持在21%以上，出口增长速度也很快。 由于外贸对目前中国经济增长具有非常重要的作用，而美国又是中国最大的贸易顺差来源之一，因而美国经济放缓和全球信贷紧缩，将使我国整体外部环境趋紧。次贷危机爆发以来，美国经济增长存在较大的下行风险，消费者信心快速下滑。尽管中国出口结构的升级和出口市场的多元化可以在一定程度上减轻美国需求变化对出口的影响，但事实上，中国出口增速从未与美国经济增长脱节。只要美国经济出现衰退，中国出口就有可能明显放缓。2007年第四季度的数据也显示，中国的出口增速较前三个季度下降了6个百分点，低于全年的平均水平。因此，次贷危机可能会对我国未来的出口产生不利的影响，而对出口的影响一方面会直接作用于我国的经济增长，另一方面会通过减少出口导向型企业的投资需求而最终作用于整个宏观经济。 2、货币政策面临两难抉择 全球经济的复杂多变，严峻挑战着我国的货币政策。一方面，美欧等主要经济体开始出现信贷萎缩、企业获利下降等现象，经济增长放缓、甚至出现衰退的可能性加大。另一方面，全球的房地产、股票等价格震荡加剧，以美元计价的国际市场粮食、黄金、石油等大宗商品价格持续上涨，全球通货膨胀压力加大。所以，我国不但要面对美国降息的压力，而且要应对国内通货膨胀的压力，这些都使货币政策面临两难的抉择。 3、国际收支不平衡可能加剧 美国次贷危机爆发以来，全球经济运行的潜在风险和不确定性上升。一方面，在发达国家经济放缓、我国经济持续增长、美元持续贬值和人民币升值预期不变的情况下，资本净流入规模加大。随着次贷危机的不断恶化，美国可能采取放松银根、财政补贴等多种方式来防止经济衰退，而这些政策可能在今后一段时间内加剧全球的流动性问题，国际资本可能加速流向我国寻找避风港。与此同时，国际金融市场的持续动荡、保守势力的抬头、我国企业自身竞争力不足等因素可能会对我国的资本流出产生影响，导致资本净流入保持在较高的水平，加剧我国国际收支不平衡的局面。另一方面，由于发达国家的金融优势，国际金融市场的风险可能向发展中国家转嫁。随着我国对外开放的程度越来越高，境外市场的动荡可能会影响到跨境资金流动的规模和速度，加大资金调节的难度，而且一旦出现全球性的金融危机，可能会加大我国国际收支波动的风险。 4、人民币升值预期可能加大 在美国经济增长乏力的情况下，可能会采取宽松的货币政策和弱势美元的汇率政策，来应对次贷危机造成的负面影响，这些都可能加剧人民币升值的预期。一方面，在美国采取宽松货币政策同时，中国趋紧的货币政策会加大人民币的升值压力。近几年，在国际收支不平衡和流动性偏多的情况下，为了缓解国际游资投机人民币的压力，我国央行倾向于把人民币存款利率与美元存款利率保持一定的距离。自次贷危机爆发后，美国为应对次贷危机的负面影响，采取了减息等货币政策措施。1月22日、1月30日和3月18日，美联储分别宣布，降低联邦基金利率75个、50个和75个基点，减息幅度非常大。目前，中美利差已经形成了倒挂。如果中美货币政策继续反向而行，扩大的利差将增大热钱流入的动力，人民币将面临更大的升值压力，央行的对冲也将变得更加困难。另一方面，弱势美元政策在不断向全球输出流动性的同时，会直接影响人民币对非美元货币的贬值。自2005年人民币汇率形成机制改革以来至2007年底，人民币对美元汇率累计升值13.31%，对欧元汇率累计贬值6.12%，对日元汇率累计升值14.04%。人民币对美元升值，对大部分非美元货币贬值的结构性差异一直伴随着汇改，并在最近几个月的国际金融震荡中更趋明显。在这种情况下，非美元货币地区对人民币汇率制度改革的要求可能会加大，不对称的汇率结构体系给人民币升值带来新的压力。 5、境外投资风险加大 从企业“走出去”的角度看，美国次贷危机对中国企业“走出去”的影响可以分为有利和不利两个方面。有利的是，次贷危机有助于我国金融机构绕过市场准入门槛和并购壁垒，以相对合理的成本扩大在美国的金融投资，通过收购、参股和注资等手段加快实现国际化布局，在努力提升自身发展水平的同时为“走出去”企业提供高效便捷的金融支持。不利的是，目前国际金融市场的动荡和货币紧缩，无疑加大我国企业走出去的融资风险和投资经营风险。而且，随着次贷危机的不断深入，投资者的风险厌恶和离场情绪会引起更高等级的抵押支持证券的定价重估，从而危及境内金融机构海外投资的安全性和收益性。 目前，次贷危机还没有结束，其对中国经济的影响还有待作进一步的分析和观察。然而，可以明确的是，在现阶段必须高度重视次贷危机对美国经济和全球经济的进一步影响，防止外部环境恶化作用于国内整体经济运行。尤其是要重视观察前期宏观调控政策的累积效应，结合外围和内部情况的变化适时作出灵活反应，熨平经济波动，保持经济平稳运行。

Answer 2

作为一个世界上庞大的经济体，作为一种外向型的经济体，中国不可能在这场世界性的金融危机中独善其身。但更为重要的是，我们必须冷静地看待这种影响，只有这样，我们的信心才会有根源，我们才能够化“危”为“机”，从容应对这场危机对我们的不利影响，同时不错过进一步发展的机遇。

在可见的层面，那些严重依赖国外市场的产业和企业肯定会受到非常不利的影响。这里面包括玩具等基本上依靠国外市场生存的企业，也包括纺织业等相当程度上依赖外国市场的企业。但是，这样的行业还不是受到不利影响最严重的企业，最为严重的应该是那些信赖资本市场泡沫的行业。比如说，美国的房产市场不景气，中国的钢铁产业就很受伤，据称，目前我国钢铁产业闲置的产能已超过一亿吨。这还只是一些静态的情况。实际上，动态来看，金融危机对于我们的影响要大得多。一些产业部门的衰退就会减少该部门的就业，进而影响到投资与消费。这种相互的影响，很有可能把整个社会经济拖入下降的轨道，带来全面性的衰退。正因为如此，我们才斥巨资扩大内需，可谓是对症之药。

但是，金融危机对于我国影响决非如上面所说的那样简单。

首先是我国外汇资产的安全。我国目前拥有2万亿美元的外汇储备，总量位居世界第一。这2万亿美元的外汇储备中，有7000多亿美元表现为美国的国债。在危机因素的作用之下，美国国债的收益率节节下降，目前已趋近于零。还有一些以公司债形式存在的外汇资产，由于受金融危机的影响，收益也呈现出不稳定的状态，甚至出现了风险。而其它一些投资，如中投公司的投资，也已出现巨额浮亏。这与操作策略没有任何关系，因为“覆巢之下无完卵”。问题在于如下两个方面：其一，我们为什么会有如此之多的外汇储备？这是一个复杂的问题，与世界性的经济结构失衡有着重要的关系。其二，因为我们对欧美发达国家巨额投资，危机已经把我们与这些危机深重的国家强制性地“捆绑”在了一起。美国为了应对金融危机带来的流动性紧缩的影响，不断向市场注入巨资，不断降低利率。美国早已是一个负债累累的国家，只能向国外举债；而为了维持市场的流动性，又不得不把利率降低到极限。这一切，都会直接导致美元的大幅度贬值。就中国来说，美元贬值直接意味着我国境外资产的损失，美国如果陷入更深的危机之中，中国同样也会遭受巨大的损失。这就使中国陷入了两难的境地。也正因为如此，近来中国才斥巨资购入美国国债，这固然是因为我们的外汇盈余可以选择的投资渠道有限，更是因为中国是一个负责任的大国，有与世界一道共同应对金融危机的决心。同样是因为这样的原因，国务院副总理王歧山才会在中美战略对话会上向美方郑重提出我们的关切，要求美国保障我国在美资产的安全。

其次，是使得我国经济结构调整的形势更加严峻。我国的经济结构确实存在着不合理之处，也早已采取措施对经济结构进行调整，比如说限制“两高一资”企业的投资和出口，适度降低劳动密集型企业商品出口退税率等。然而，经济结构调整是一件相当困难的事情，涉及到新技术、新市场的开发，更涉及到就业市场的稳定。突如其来的金融危机打乱了我们既定的经济结构调整的步骤，一些原本兴旺上升的行业形势大变，企业不断破产，失业人数尤其是农民工暴增，迫使我们不得不逆转政策导向，保就业、保增长，推迟经济结构调整的步伐。

然而，在看到这些不利影响的同时，我们更要看到有利的一面。就世界范围的情况来看，各国正采取积极的行动来应对这场危机。时间已经到了21世纪而不是停留在了上一世纪20年代末期，虽然有人认为这次危机深重的程度要大于那场危机，但没有人相信这场危机会造成同样的后果。这场危机是改革不合理的国际金融秩序最好的时机，我们完全可以利用这次机遇，在国际金融市场上获得与我们的实力相称的话语权。就我国自身的情况来说，这也是一个加快经济结构调整的机遇。从我们所观察到情况来看，那些受到危机冲击最为巨大的产业，正是我们所急需调整的产业。问题的关键在于我们如何制定正确的政策，把握好调整的度，从而使得这样的调整能够运行在我们所能够接受的范围之内。同时，目前也是对国民收入格局进行调整的一个好时机。危机导致企业困难增加，导致失业人口增加和就业困难，这需要我们同时为企业和就业创造市场，更需要我们增加对困难群体的财政资助。这样的资助目前可以看作是应对危机之举，但是，长期来看，这样的资助不仅应该坚持下去，更应该不断扩大总量，使之常态化，这样才能起到扩大内需、改变经济增长模式的作用。

从更为广阔的角度来看，现在人类所谓的发展，是建立在对大自然的无度索取的基础上的，谁能够索取得多，谁索取的方式更加巧妙，谁就会取得所谓的“发展”。这样的发展方式显然是不可持续的。因此，即便是我们能够从这场危机中复苏，还有一个更大的问题摆在我们面前：这种依赖于向大自然无度索取才能够增长的生存模式，还能够持续多久？乐观者认为，在自然资源行将耗尽之前，我们是能够想出别的法子来的。谁知道呢？我们知道，大自然也知道吗？然而，即便是如此，笔者仍然坚信那句名言：“冬天到了，春天还会远吗？”对世界是如此，对中国更是如此。

Answer 3

Financial crisis in the insurance intermediary
John cena
In the short term insurance intermediaries to survive more pressure from the insurance industry itself, financial intermediaries on the crisis in the industry have a direct impact is limited. These include a limited impact, originally planned in the near future listing of intermediaries may be extended indefinitely; global capital markets in the doldrums, so that the listing and other financing are more difficult to obtain venture capital and additional investment cost will be higher. □ Wang Jin By the time the U.S. loan crisis triggered by the financial tsunami from the United States has spread to the global financial crisis the industry has penetrated into the real economy and lead to a global economic recession. Many well-known economists believe that the crisis in the breadth, scope, and the degree of hazard than the 1920s crisis of the century occurred. In the face of this crisis, governments around the world have made a very timely response and have implemented a series of measures and policies to save. The positive impact of financial crisis The global insurance industry The crisis on the global insurance industry has an enormous negative impact. The world's largest insurance group American International Group (AIG) suffered a crisis of bankruptcy, and the U.S. government to enable it to rescue a huge linger. According to estimates, there are a number of insurance companies to invest in huge losses of mortar nests, within two years if the global capital market is not big improvement, the insurance companies will be very difficult to support the insurance payment. From the breadth and depth of the crisis point of view, the global economy and capital markets recovery may take longer. Pessimistic, over the next two years, on a global scale, or there will be more difficult and even insurance companies into bankruptcy. Insurance intermediary is not optimistic about the situation. Marsh (Marsh), Aon Corporation (Aon), Willis (Willis), and other institutions in the same period a profit decline, the stock fell. In the economic globalization, China's insurance industry could not escape the global financial crisis, the direct impact. China Ping An Group's overseas investment is almost tragically, the loss of their need to be able to make up for the operation of a number of years. The insurance industry is also part of the domestic investment significantly from last year's surplus into a floating Fukui. Insurance misfortunes never come singly, part of the investment loss, or part of the underwriting loss or gave birth to the potential risks. In 2008, the Insurance industry's underwriting losses almost certain, and life insurance company through various channels for a large number of sales even dangerous, such as universal insurance to investment-oriented insurance are no huge risks. If in the next few years can not have a certain amount of investment income, perhaps to a certain point in the future to cover the outbreak of the crisis may lead to further life insurance company bankrupt a domino effect. Professional insurance intermediary In the short term survival pressures Leaving the marketing and insurance agents and industry, professional insurance intermediary companies from the three main categories: insurance agents, insurance brokers and insurance adjuster. As we all know, in the insurance industry, professional intermediaries are very small and weak. Over the years, through insurance agents and insurance brokers for the realization of the total premium size of the premium has not been able to break 3% of the public insurance assessment companies in coastal areas to play a role in the development of the Midwest and Northeast are very difficult. From the figures, the professional insurance intermediary for the insurance industry contribution to the small, almost negligible. Professional insurance intermediary for the insurance industry with its limited contribution to the commitment of the insurance and related functions. Insurance is basically all-round organ, the actuarial, product development, product sales, a single, nuclear security, scheduled for loss, claims, investment and so on all the functions of its direct sales business difficult to achieve, agents and brokers to help their bodies to complete, the agent Brokers and agencies of its direct sales only added functions. Public service is also estimated insurance claims of the department added. In many cases, customers need a strong, or insurance claims department is difficult to operate, the public insurance assessment will be invited. It is clear that if the insurance company to maintain its "large" the functions of the professional insurance intermediary to the development of the space is very limited. In the short term, insurers will continue its "large" system. Strengthen the direct sales business is still in, for example, the Insurance companies are still greater efforts to promote direct telephone business, life insurance companies also continue to expand its marketing team. In the direct extrusion business, led by auto insurance agent to increase the pressure to survive, led by life insurance agents must be more life insurance salesmen in direct competition, the industry is still in the loss of state agents Companies, operating in the short term will be even more dismal. Insurance agents and brokers industry a little different, top 50 brokers in approximately 80% of all shareholders to support a strong background or context of foreign investment, these companies completely dominated the brokerage industry. Shareholders do not support the context of foreign investment and brokerage firm, do not have to face old colleagues, but also insurance companies and direct face-to-face competition advantage does not exist, to survive together, to mention development. In addition, the financial crisis in the insurance industry under the adverse investment policies to cover benefits the poor, in regard to insurance payment is likely too severe, which often affect the agency's service quality, easily lead to the loss of policy holders on the agency's confidence and trust. At the same time, insurance companies and their harsh on the commission paid by the inertia of the agency may have a negative impact. Parts of the insurance companies may even join forces, compression and the public commission estimated the cost ratio, which not only damage the interests of the intermediary industry, but also hindered the intermediary service innovation is not conducive to policy holders for the agency to provide better, more comprehensive insurance Services. As a result, within a short period of survival intermediaries more pressure from the insurance industry itself, financial intermediaries on the crisis in the industry have a direct impact is limited. These limited the impact of the original plan in the near future, including the listing of intermediaries may be extended indefinitely; global capital markets in the doldrums, so that the listing and other financing are more difficult to obtain venture capital and additional investment cost will be higher. Bigger and stronger insurance industry Can not do without intermediaries All walks of life can not be separated from the development of intermediary institutions. The emergence of various types of intermediaries and prosperity of the market to lower transaction costs and improve market efficiency, greatly promoted the development of all walks of life and global competitiveness.
The insurance industry in developed countries, insurance companies will not only become bigger, stronger, the agency also very strong, very well-developed. The development of intermediary institutions need specialization in accordance with the insurance company's request to reduce operating costs and improve operational efficiency as the goal, some of the functions of a transfer. "Large" is based on cost-efficiency and low cost, to break the "large" system, insurance companies will be able to radically reduce operating costs, out of the underwriting loss for the difficulties emerging from the shadow of financial crisis and enhance core competitiveness, Will be able to show in the international arena plan. Although the domestic professional intermediaries is also very weak, but is fully capable to assume certain functions of the insurance sector. Shenzhen's insurance sector to pioneer the first transfer of vehicle accidents Gusun functions to the people too, led by an assessment of the public sector to grow rapidly in the near future. Practice has proved that the domestic and foreign insurance companies to shift some of its non-core functions of the first to benefit from the insurance companies, policyholders can get better service, an intermediary to get the healthy development of the industry; intermediary and the healthy development of the industry, in turn, further reduce the insurance companies The cost of outsourcing services for the insured to provide a better service. And other industries, the insurance industry specialization is the trend of the times, but also insurance companies to lower operating costs, increase efficiency in the one and only way. If the insurance companies to gradually transfer the sales, a single, Gu Sun, claims, risk management, customers and even some of the functions such as actuarial, to maintain its core competence, more professional intermediaries, such as generation, a single company, estimated the public, Set loss, detection, security management, actuarial, and other companies will soon emerge and development of the insurance industry, the principal will have a stronger competitive edge, industry-wide decline in operating costs, improve service levels, the whole society on the insurance industry Greater confidence and trust. Prudential case, the insurance industry not only bigger, stronger, but also will become the envy of everyone's career high.