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The target of the White Paper to double the share of renewable energies from 6% in 1995 to 12% in 2010 as well as the Kyoto Protocol commitment to reduce the greenhouse gas emissions by 8% are once more pointed out. The Green Paper also states that at the moment it seems unlikely that nuclear energy will see renewed growth. This is due to the liberalisation of the energy markets and its competitive position compared with other energy sources (e.g. natural gas), public acceptance and a possible solution to the problem of nuclear waste. At the present political situation (decision by certain Member States to relinquish this sector), it is likely that the contribution of nuclear energy will change little from now until 2020.
The increasing demand for energy of the transport sector (+50% until 2010) and its 98% dependence on oil creates a further demand for renewable energies, e.g. biofuels). This is of particular importance as the European Union is already 76% (EU15) dependent on oil imports and it is likely to rise to 94% (EU30) in 2010 if business as usual is pursued.
Last but not least the role of the European Union as a player in the world energy market is an argument to promote renewable energies. As the EU relies on imported energy, the dependence on supply and demand conditions in the international market have to be taken into account. Therefore, the forecasted rise by some 65% over 20 yr, from 9.3 billion toe in
2000 to 15.4 billion toe in 2020, due to the world’s population growth and the growing demand of developing countries, will have a substantial impact on international fossil fuel prices. International efforts to promote renewable energy and energy efficiency are necessary to reduce this trend.
The main instruments to promote the use of renewable energies at the moment are as follows.
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