6. In-text notes
Also known as author-date system, in-text notes are usually found in the running text or at the end of a block quotation, and consist of the author’s last name (where that is the name under which the work has been listed) and the publication date of the work, both enclosed in parentheses. This brief form of citation is meant to identify the work being cited, while full bibliographic information is reserved for the reference list.
也被称为作者-年代系统,
(Wiebe 1993)
(Fleming and Levie 1993)
Note that there is no punctuation separating the elements of the note, unless there is a reference to a specific page, volume or other division of the work. The page number should follow the volume number, and there should be a colon, but no space, between the two. Unless there is a risk of confusion, omit the abbreviations p., pp. and vol.
Notes have four main uses: (a) to cite the authority to support statements in text—specific facts or opinions as well as quotations; (b) to make cross-references; (c) to make incidental comments on, to amplify, or to qualify textual discussion—in short, to provide a place for material the writer deems worthwhile without interrupting the flow of thought of the text; and (d) to make acknowledgements. Notes, then, are of two kinds: reference notes (a and b) and content notes (c and d). Reference notes may be found within a text (in-text notes), but are more usually presented at the foot of a page (footnotes) or at the end of a chapter or document (endnotes).
By acknowledgements, the writer thanks mentors and colleagues, lists the individuals or institutions that supported the research, and gives credit to works cited in the text for which permission to reproduce has been granted. Although one might wish to acknowledge special assistance such as consultation on technical matters or aid in securing special equipment and source materials, one may properly omit formal thanks for the routine help given by an adviser or a thesis committee. The generic heading ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, which appears only on the first page, is usually in uppercase and centered over the text. The format of this page should be the same as for the first page of a chapter.