第1个回答 2007-06-21
语言学有一个基本的观点，就是英语讲究逻辑，汉语讲究感觉；再有一个说法，叫做英语是形合，汉语是意合。归结起来就是：英语特别讲究逻辑，而且会有鲜明的形式也就是丰富的词汇来表达各种各样的逻辑关系，而不像汉语一样“运用之妙，存乎一心”。把握逻辑词，对于英语也就显得特别重要。兹总结如下，并对要点略加解说。基本意义或用法不明者，可查普通词典。
I．时间：since, ever since, from then on, soon after, afterward, until, in the meantime, meanwhile, at the same time, simultaneously
II．列举：对一类事物举出具体的例子。通常表现为前面是复数或者抽象的概念，后面是这个概念中的一个或几个事物。
firstly, secondly…, finally; next, last；for example/instance, such as；some…others…still others；for one thing, for the other
邪说：
一、区分for instance/example和such as. 前者往往是举“事”（做什么或谁做什么），后者是举“物”（什么东西）；举事往往与前文用逗号分开，甚至另起一句再排阵势；举物则多结合在一起，当然也可分开。
The government is to ban payments to witnesses by newspapers seeking to buy up people involved in prominent cases 31 the trial of Rosemary West.
31．〔A〕as to 〔B〕for instance 〔C〕in particular〔D〕such as
题解：前为复数cases案件, 后为单数trial审判, 后者是对前者的列举，是一个名词短语代表的“物”，故选D。
However, the typical teenage lifestyle is already filled with so much competition that it would be wise to plan activities in which there are more winners than losers, 28 , publishing newsletters with many student-written book reviews, displaying student artwork, and sponsoring book discussion clubs.
28. A. in effect B. as a result C. for example D. in a sense
题解：前为复数activities活动，后为对活动的列举，与前文逗号分开，且为“事”（做什么），故C。
The brain finds it best to keep smell receptors available for unfamiliar and emergency signals 20 the smell of smoke, which might indicate the danger of fire.
20. 〔A〕similar to〔B〕such as 〔C〕along with 〔D〕aside from
题解：后面“烟味”是前文“紧急信号”之一种，故B。
二、such as有两种用法。Such A as B及A such as B. 如such teachers as Tom，teachers such as Tom，都是对的。
III：让步：though, although, even though/when/if, in spite of, despite, given
邪说：注意几个特殊的词。
一、Though和although一般做“虽然”，引导从句，也就是重心是在主句“但是”上。但有时这两个词都可说成“但是”，反而是意思的核心。
Getting enough vitamins is essential to life, although the body has no nutritional use for excess vitamins. Many people, 50 , believe in being on the "safe side" and thus take extra vitamins.
50. (A) nevertheless (B) therefore (C) moreover (D) meanwhile
题解：空格前后是逗号，说明考的句间关系。本句说的是很多人相信吃得多些比较好，要看前一句来决定是因果还是转折等。前一句说获取足够的维他命对生命来说是重要的，although过了没有用。如果前面主句是重心，则50该选C，构成因果关系。而根据上下文，其实重心已转移到了although从句，although应该说成“但是”，这样与下句是反的，选A。
Though更是另有绝用，让人大跌眼镜。
In fact，5 , we are extremely sensitive to smells, 6 we do not generally realize it.
5. 〔A〕anyway 〔B〕though 〔C〕instead 〔D〕therefore
题解：首先要知道，两个逗号之间的连接副词，表示的是与前一句之间的关系。由上文可知是转折，此处似乎只有though能担此任,而它恰恰可以胜似无碍。它还可以放在一句的最后，同样表示转折。
二、given看起来是个过去分词，但叛变了，多作介词用，given that还可跟从句，所表示的逻辑关系，可顺可反，顺的请看下面“因果”中的表现，此处单表反的，即相当于“虽然有”。
Given all the disadvantages, he managed to win. 虽有各种不利，他还是争取到成功。
IV．转折：
but, however, yet；nevertheless, nonetheless；instead, instead of；not…but, rather than；fortunately, unfortunately；in fact
邪说：
一、区分instead, instead of. Instead of是介词性，后面跟名词构成介宾短语，大致可说成“不是”，暗示着后面是“而是”。
Instead of Mary, who looks great, he chose Helen, she feels good. 他不是选择的看起来好的玛丽，而选择了感觉好的海伦。
Instead则是一个连接副词，表示两句间关系。
He didn’t choose Mary. Instead, he choose Helen. 他没有选择玛丽。相反，他选择了海伦。
二、in fact 事实上，暗含的意思是要对一些主观的也就是非事实性的猜测进行澄清。
You may assume that I am rich. In fact, I have anything but money. 你可能认为我有钱。事实上，俺都有就是没钱。
V．对照:
conversely, on the contrary, by/in contrast, on the other hand；while/when/as/whereas；some…others…still others
邪说：
Conversly, on the contrary, by/in contrast，on the other hand多用于连接独立的句子，表示对照。
While, when, as, whereas则用于句内，两个分句间的对照，用法各有千秋。
Whereas是正宗经典，全心全意表对照，用法也标准：引导一个完整的句子。
只有While引导的句子可以省略成短语形式。
We are trying our best, whereas they are wasting time. 我们正竭尽所能，他们却在浪费时间。
We are not to ask much while doing little. 我们不该要求多却做得少。
Many others, __14__ not addicted or mentally ill, simply lack the everyday survival skills need to turn their lives around.
14. [A]when [B]once [C]while [D]whereas
题解：此短语与主句形成相反关系，但只是一个短语，不能用D引导，故C。
Strangely, some people find that they can smell one type of flower but not another, 9 others are sensitive to the smells of both flowers.
9. 〔A〕when 〔B〕since 〔C〕for 〔D〕whereas
题解：前后相反，且是完整句，选D。理论上似乎A也有希望，谁叫它不是嫡系，是本来表时间，起义过来的呢。
VI．因果：
because, for, as, since, now that, in that；due to, owing to, thanks to；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result；derive/stem/result from, result in；cause, lead to, grive rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to；in (the )light of, in view of, by virtue of；owe…to.., attribute… to, ascribe…to…；given, considering
邪说：because, for, as, since, now that, in that是连词，也就是后面跟一个完整的句子；due to, owing to, thanks to都是介词性短语，后面跟名词性成分；therefore, thus, hence, accordingly, consequently as, as a result为连接副词，常用于句子之间表示因果关系；derive/stem/result from是动词短语，from后跟原因; result in后跟结果。cause, lead to, grive rise/birth to, bring about, account for, be responsible for, contribute to也是动词短语，都是前因后果，说成“导致/造成”等；in (the )light of, in view of, by virtue of是三个特殊的介词性短语，因为字面义与因果关系似乎少有关联，需特别记忆；owe…to.., attribute… to, ascribe…to…是追索原因的动词短语，相当于“将……归因于……”；given, considering本来是过去分词与现在分词，但发生了基因突变，可用于介词，都可表因果关系，意思是“因为有，考虑到”。当然如上面已述，given也可表让步关系。
VII．相似：like, likewise, similarly, equally, also, too, as well
VIII．递进：
furthermore, moreover, what’s more；besides, in addition, additionally；even, indeed, go so far as to
邪说：注意furthermore, moreover, what’s more三个表达法，都包含一个more, 决定其递进的基本义。
重点关注indeed, 因为字面上与暗含转折的in fact相同，逻辑上却大相径庭。
The homeless make up a growing percentage of America’s population. __1_ homelessness has reached such proportions that local government can’t possibly cope.
1. [A] Indeed [B] Likewise [C] Therefore [D] Furthermore
题解：两句是递进关系，有A和D入选。Furthermore是讲另外一件事情，indeed是同一件事情程度上升。前面讲无家可归者越来越多，后面说如此多以致政府无法控制，同一事的程度问题，故A。
再看看颇具特色的go so far as to，通过例句来体会。
They are foolish. Some go so far as to earn money by hard work. 他们是傻瓜，有些甚至会用辛勤劳动来赚钱。