氢氟酸的化学特性

Question

请详细告诉我氢氟酸的化学特性，最好分条，有化学方程式。
千万不要加进通性
请告诉我关于氟盐中的不容物.和常见的络合物的种类和化学式

Answer 1

氟化氢(化学式：HF)是一种极强的腐蚀剂，有剧毒。它是无色的气体，但是在[空气]]中，只要超过3ppm就会产生刺激的味道。

由於氟原子电负性很大,所以会与氢原子形成氢键的缘故，所以沸点较氯化氢、溴化氢、碘化氢等为高。

其水溶液氢氟酸是一种弱酸，但氢氟酸本身具对矽(硅)及二氧化硅有极强的侵蚀能力。 故可腐蚀玻璃(主要成分是二氧化硅及硅酸盐)，是唯一可腐蚀玻璃的酸，所以日常贮存要使用塑料瓶或铅制容器。

氢氟酸可以腹�し麴つぁ⒑粑�兰俺ξ傅牢�眨�舨簧鞣⑸�夥�岜┞叮�α⒓从么罅壳逅�逑?0至30分钟，然后以葡萄酸钙软膏或药水涂抹；若不小心误饮，则要立即喝下大量的高钙牛奶，然后紧急送医处理。
帮助编辑氟化氢
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常规
别名
IUPAC中文命名 氟化氢
CAS号 [7664-39-3 [7664-39-3]]
分子式 HF
摩尔质量 20.0063 g/mol
SMILES
InChI
溶解度
pKa 3.15
pI
物理性质
熔点 −83.38 C (189.77 K)
沸点 19.54°C (293.15 K)
三相点

临界点

偶极矩
熔化热（Δfus H） kJ/mol
汽化热（Δvap H） kJ/mol
[α]D20 °mL/g/dm （）
相态名称
外观 无色气体
密度 0.818 g/L kg/m3
Δf HmO kJ/mol
Δf GmO kJ/mol
SmO J/mol/K
Δc HmO kJ/mol
Cm J/mol/K
黏度
安全性
主要危险 剧毒, 腐蚀性
闪点 −37.8°C
Hydrofluoric acid is a highly toxic and corrosive solution of hydrogen fluoride in water. Neat hydrogen fluoride is sometimes called anhydrous hydrofluoric acid. Hydrofluoric acid is notoriously known to dissolve glass by reacting with SiO2, the major component of most glasses:

SiO2(s) + 4HF(aq) → SiF4(g) + 2H2O(l)
or

SiO2(s) + 6HF(aq) → H2[SiF6](aq) + 2H2O(l)
Consequently, it must be stored in polyethylene or Teflon containers. It is also unique in its ability to dissolve almost all inorganic metal and semimetal oxides. Because of its low tendency to dissociate into H+ and F- ions in water, it is properly considered a weak acid, but it is nonetheless extremely corrosive and poisonous, as explained below.

Production
Industrially, hydrofluoric acid is produced from the mineral fluorite, also known as calcium fluoride (CaF2) and concentrated sulfuric acid. When combined at 250°C, these two substances react to produce hydrogen fluoride according to the following chemical equation:

CaF2 + H2SO4 → 2HF + CaSO4
The vapors from this reaction are a mixture of hydrogen fluoride, sulfuric acid, and a few minor byproducts, from which hydrogen fluoride can be isolated by distillation.

Hydrofluoric acid is a known hazard in car engine fires, forming when Viton o-rings and hoses are exposed to temperatures in excess of 400°C.

Uses
Hydrofluoric acid's ability to dissolve oxides makes it important in the purification of both aluminium and uranium. It is also used to etch glass, to remove surface oxides from silicon in the semiconductor industry, as a catalyst for the alkilation of iso-butane and butene in oil refineries and to remove oxide impurities from stainless steel in a process called pickling. Recently it has even been used in car washes in "wheel cleaner" compounds.[1] Due to its ability to dissolve silicate compounds, hydrofluoric acid is often used during the rock and mineral analysis process to dissolve rock samples (usually powdered) prior to analysis.

Hydrofluoric acid is also used in the synthesis of many fluorine-containing organic compounds, including teflon and refrigerants such as freon.

Answer 2

1.氢氟酸亦能与一般金属、金属氧化物、以及氢氧化物相作用，
生成各种盐类，但作用不及盐酸那样剧烈。金、铂、铅、石蜡以及某些塑料(
聚乙烯等)与它不起作用，所以可作容器。 2.腐蚀性极强，能侵蚀玻璃和硅酸盐而生成气态的四氟化硅。反应式如下：

SiO2＋4HF→H2O＋SiF4↑ 玻璃是硅的化合物，因此氢氟酸不能盛放玻璃容器中。 3.氢氟酸能形成酸式盐 氢氟酸本是一元酸，但能制得一系列的酸式盐如 NaHF2、KHF2、NH4HF2等 ，这是其他三种氢卤酸 4. 氢氟酸的弱酸性 在氢卤酸中只有 HF是弱酸 (其电离常数为3.5x10^-4，在浓度为 0.1mo1.L^-1 时它的表观电离度为 10％，因此，HF也可以勉强算作一个中强酸)

Answer 3

氢氟酸(HF)是氟化氢的水溶液，其沸点为19.5oC，在室温下为液态，为一无色略带刺激味的无机酸，无水的或低浓度的氢氟酸为强酸，然而低浓度的氢氟酸其解离常数Kd约为盐酸的千分之一(HF dissociation constant, Kd=3.53 x 10-4)，为一弱酸。由於其酸性较一般强酸如盐酸、硫酸等为低，因此对皮肤的刺激较弱，导致患者在暴露时，因可能没有立即明显的症状，而延误了治疗的时机。氢氟酸是一种非极性、高脂溶性的无机化合物，因此可立即穿过细胞膜到达组织深部，与体内钙、镁等阳离子结合，产生不可溶的氟化钙或氟化镁等盐类。本回答被网友采纳

Answer 4

Answer 5

一，弱酸性 HF+NaOH = NaF + H2O
二，与盐反应 2HF+MgCl2 = MgF2(沉淀）+ 2HCl
三，具有腐蚀性 可以腐蚀玻璃等
四，络合性