我只有这个，不知道能不能帮上忙
第四章:时态
第一节
一、动词的时态
作谓语的动词发生变化来表示行为，状态发生的时间及进行的情况的各种形式称为时态。英语有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。时态和语态是英语语法的重要组成部分，也是考试必考的内容之一。从是否跟宾语的角度来看，英语动词可以分为两种，即不及物动词和及物动词。不及物动词没有被动语态。及物动词有两种语态：主动语态和被动语态。任何一个及物动词不是使用主动语态，就是使用被动语态，没有语态的及物动词是不存的。时态测试实际上也同时测试语态。
二、一般时态
一般时态表示现在、过去或将来的动作状态或特征。
1、一般现在时
(1)一般现在时表示没有时限的持久存在的习惯性的动作或状态，或现阶段反复发生的动作或状态，常和副词usually,often, always, sometimes, regularly, near, occasionally, every year等连用。
例：His is always like that.
例：Mr.Smith travels to work by bus every day.
史密斯先生每天乘公共汽车去上班。
(2)在由after, until, befor, once, when, even if ,in case, as long as, as soon as, the moment以及if, unless等引导的时间状语从句或条件状语从句中，通常用一般现在时代替将来时。
例：I will tell him the news as soon as I see him.
我一看见他，就把消息告诉他。
(3)某些表示起始的动词，可用一般现在时表示按规定、计划或安排要发生的动作，这类动词有：be, go, come, start, depart, arrive, begin, leave等。
(4)在由why, what, where, whoever, who, that,as等引导的从句中，也常用一般现在时代替将来时。
例：Tomorrow at this time we’ll give $500 to any one who brings him to justice.
三、一般过去时
(1)表示过去某一特定时间所发生的、已完成的动作或状态，常与表示确切过去时间的词、短语或从句连用。
例：She didn’t look well when I last saw her.
我上次看到她时，她脸色不好。
(2)表示过去习惯性的动作。
例：He always went to class last.
经典练习：
1、If she doesn’t tell him the truth now, he’ll simply keep on asking her until she____.
A)does
B)has done
C)will do
D)would do
2、America will never again have as a nation the spirit of adventure as it_____before the West was settled.
A)could
B)was
C)would
D)did
3、Carey didn’t go to the party last night because she_____the baby for her sister until 8:30.
A)must have looked after
B)would have to look after
C)had to look after
D)should have looked after
4、---Was the driving pleasant when you vacationed in the countryside last summer?
---No,it_____for four days when we arrived, so the roads were very muddy.
A)was raining
B)would be raining
C)have rained
D)had been raining
第二节
一、一般将来时
(1)表示将来打算进行或期待发生的动作或状态。
例：I will have eggs and toast for breakfast tomorrow morning.
明天早饭我吃鸡蛋和烤面包。
(2)几种替代形式：
1)be going to +v在口语中广泛使用，表示准备做或即将发生的事情。
例：I’m going to buy a house when we’ve saved enough money.
2)be to +v表示计划安排将要做的事。
例：There is to be a rail strike on July 18th.
3)be about to+v表示即将发生的事情。
例：We are about to start.
4)be due to+v表示预先确定了的、必定要发生的事。
例：His book is due to be published in October.
他的书预定10月份出版。
5)be on the point/verge of +(v-ing)sth.强调即将发生的某种事态。
例：The country is on the verge of civil war.
这个国家就要打内战了。
二、进行时态
进行时态表示现在、过去或将来一个时间点或一个时间段正在进行的动作。
1、现在进行时
(1)表示瑞正在进行的动作，常与now, right now, at the moment, at present等连用。
例：The telephone is ringing, would you answer it, please?
电话铃响了，请你接一下，好吗？
表示现阶段经常发生的动作，常与always, continually, constantly等连用。
例：John is always coming late.
约翰总是迟到。
经典练习：
1、Turn on the television or open a magazine and you_____advertisements showing happy,balanced families.
A)are often seeing
B)often see
C)will often see
D)have often seen
2、Now that we_____so far, we may as well go all the way.
A)come
B)are coming
C)had come
D)have come
3、Ever since the family moved to the suburbs last year, they _____better health.
A)could have enjoyed
B)have been enjoying
C)had enjoyed
D)are enjoying
4、Whenever we visited them, they_____television.
A)have watched
B)had watcded
C)watch
D)were watching
第三节
一、现在进行时
(3)表示根据计划或安排在最近要进行的事情。具有这种语法功能的动词仅限于过渡性动词，即表示从一个状态或位置转移到另一个状态或位置上去的动词。常用的有;go, come, leave, start, arrive,return等。
例：They are leaving for Hongkong next monty.
他们下个月去香港。
(4)有些动词一般不能使用进行时，这是一类表示“感觉”、“感情”、“存在”、“从属”等的动词。如：see, hear, smell, taste, feel, notice, look, appear(表示感觉的动词)；hate, love, fear, like, want, wish, prefer, refuse, forgive(表示感情的动词)；be, exist, remain, stay, obtain(表示存在状态的动词)；have, possess, own, contain, belong, consist of , form(表示占有与从属的动词)；understand, know, belive, think, doubt, forget, remember(表示思考、理解的动词)。但是如果它们词义改变，有时也可使用进行时态。
例：Jane looks pale.What’s wrong with him?
珍妮看上去脸色苍白，她怎么了？(look在此为联系动词)
例：Jane is looking for his books.
珍妮正在寻找她的书。(look在此为实义动词)
二、过去进行时
过去进行时表示一个过去的动作发生时或发生后，另一个过去的动作正在进行，或表示过去正在进行，或表示过去反复的习惯，常与always, continually, constantly等词连用。
例：When I called him, he was having dinner.
例：When I visited him, he was always writing at the desk.
每次我去看望他，他总是在桌旁写着什么。
经典练习：
1、When Mr. Delay got home after a day’s exhausting work, his wife and children_____.
A)were sleeping
B)was sleeping
C)slept
D)have been sleeping
2、As we were cleaning the office, he_____here to work.
A)was coming
B)came
C)comes
D)is coming
3、We have done things we ought not to have done and_____undone things we ought to have done.
A)leaving
B)left
C)will leave
D)leave
4、The goods_____when we arrived at the airport.
A)were just unloading
B)had just unloaded
C)were just being unloaded.
D)were just been unloaded
第四节
1.将来进行时
将来进行时主要表示将来某一时刻正在进行的动作，或表示要在将来某一时刻开始，并继续下去的动作。
例1：What will you be doing this time tomorrow?
你明天这个时候将做什么？
例2：My brother’ll have to take care of you.I’ll call him today and he痩l be expecting you.
我的兄弟一定会关照你的。我今天给他打个电话，然后他就会等你去。
2．完成进行时
完成进行时是完成时的强调形式。
3．完成时态
完成时态表示已完成或从事的动作，它可分为：
1) 现在完成时用来表示对目前状况仍有影响的刚刚完成的动作(常与yet,already,just连用)，或者过去某一时该发生的，持续到现在的情况，甚至还可能继续下去(常与for,since连用)。
例1：He has just come back from town.
他刚从城里回来。
例2．We’ve known each other since childhood.我们从童年时代起就彼此认识了。
注：现在完成时与与一般过去时的区别：现在完成时强调过去发生的动作与现在的关系，如所发生的结果、影响等；而一般过去时只表示动作发生在过去表示某一时刻，不表示与现在的关系。
1.There seemed little hope that the explorer,____in the tropical forest,would find his way though it.
a.to be deserted
b.to have been deswrted
c.having deserted
d.having been deserted
2.I appreciated____the opportunity to study abroad two years ago.
a.having been given
b.to have been givern
c.having given
d.to have given
3.Nowhere in nature is aluminum found free,owing to its always____with other elements,most commonly with oxygen.
a.combined
b.having combined
c.combine
d.being combined
第五节
1.完成时态可用在下列结构中：
This(That,it)is(was )the first(second….)time+定语从句：
This(That,It)is(was) the only (last)+名词+定语从句；This (This,It)is (was)+形容词最高级+名词+定语从句。如果主句的谓语动词是一般将来时， 从句的谓语动词动词通常用现在完成时；如果主句谓语动词是一般过去时，从句的谓语动词通常用过去完成时。
例1：This is the first time(that )I’ve drunk Californian champagne.
这是我第一次喝加利福尼亚香槟酒。
例2：There was a knock at the door.It was the second time someone had interrupted me that evening.
有人敲门，这是当天晚上第二次有人打扰我了。
2．过去完成时
(1)表示过去某时间前已经发生的动作或情况，这个过去的时间可以用by, before等介词短语或一个时间短语从句来表示；或者表示一个动作在另一个过去动作之前已经完成。
例1：When we got there the basketball match had already started.
我们到那里时，篮球赛已经开始了。
例2：I had finished my homework before supper.
我在晚饭前已经把作业做完了。
1.By the end of last year, I ______ in this university for ten years.
a.had work
b.was work
c.was working
d.worked
2.I decided to go to the library as soon as I ____.
a.Finish what I did
b.Finished I did
c.Would finish what I was doing
d.Finished what I was doing
第六节
1．动词expect, hope, mean, intend, plan, suppose, wish, want, desire等用过去完成时，表示过去的希望，预期，意图或愿望等没有实现。
例1：I had meant to leave to on Monday, but have stayed on.
我本来打算星期一离开，但最终还是继续留下来了。
另外两种表示“过去想做而未做的事”的表达方式是：
(1)was / were+ to have done sth.
例1：We were to have come yesterday, but we couldn’t.
我们本想昨天来的，但我们来不了。
(2)intended (expected, hoped, meant, planned, supposed, wished, wanted, desired)+ to have done sth.
例：1I mean to have told you about it, but I forgot to do so.
我本想告诉你这件事，但我忘掉了。
2.过去完成时常用于以下固定句型：
(1)hardly / scarcely / barely+过去完成时(倒装形式)+when +过去时
例1：Hardly had I arrived when I had a new problem to cope with.
我一到达就有新问题要处理。
(2) no sooner+过去完成时(倒装形式)+than +过去时。
例1：No sooner had the words been spoken than he realized that he should have remained silent.
这话刚说出口，他就意识到他本该保持沉默的。
(3)by(the end of )+过去时间，主句中谓语动词用过去完成时。
例1：By the end of that year Henry had collected more than a thousand foreign stamps.
到那年年底，亨利已收集了一千多张外国邮票。
1.Before the first non�stop flight made in1949, it____necessary for all planes to land for refueling.
a.would be
b.has been
c.had been
d.would have been
2.Until then, his family____from him for six month.�( CET-4 1997, 1)�
A) didn't hear
B) hasn't been hearing
C) hasn't heard
D) hadn't heard
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