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LAW OF CONTRACT
What is a Contract?
1) A contract is an Agreement

2) Giving rise to Obligations

3) Enforced or recognised by the Law.

LAW OF CONTRACT
Agreement

There must be :

1) a Definite Offer.

2) an Unqualified Acceptance.
Have the parties reached agreement?

1) The Courts will analyse by looking at the dealings in context of Offer and Acceptance?
2) The test is objective !
Parties real Intention not relevant
Based on Offer and acceptance model
“Mirror image rule”
e.g If seller’s offer(terms) differs from buyers, terms, No mirror image
An unequivocal offer
matched by an
unequivocal acceptance

Butler V Ex- Cell -O Corporation (1979)
Held: Seller, became offeree who accepted the terms by replying thru tear off slip, to buyer.
Gibson V Manchester City Council (1979)

1.开始画一根粗的,
比较长的曲线,类似于一条水平线,但是仍然有一点弧度的曲线。线条的边缘要稍微向内弯曲,左端更明显些。
Fist,
draw
a
thick
long
curved
line,
close
to
a
horizontal
line
with
a
little
curve.
Two
ends
of
the
line
should
bend
down
a
little
bit,
especially,
the
left
side
should
be
more
so.
2.轻轻画两条对角辅助线,以助于定义下眼框,辅助线从上眼框的两边出发,彼此几乎成垂直。不要画得太斜或太平直了,否则眼睛的尺寸就不那么准确了。画出眼睛的下眼框线,通过辅助线帮助你确定其位置。
Draw
two
guiding
lines,
which
cross
with
each
other
with
an
almost
right
angle,
to
help
the
position
the
lower
eyelid.
The
two
lines
start
with
the
two
ends
of
the
line
we
draw
in
the
first
part.
These
two
guiding
lines
are
almost
at
right
angle
toward
each
other.
However,
don’t
draw
too
steep
or
too
flat.
Otherwise
the
proportion
of
the
eye
will
not
be
accurate.
Then,
draw
the
lower
line
of
the
eyelid.
Get
the
right
position
using
the
guiding
lines.
3.擦掉辅助线并画出虹膜。虹膜是一个完美的圆形,
但一部分会被眼皮遮住。眼球别画太小,至少要能看见完整的物体。(除非要表达强烈的情绪
Erase
the
guiding
lines
and
draw
the
pupil.
The
pupil
should
be
a
beautiful
round
shape,
with
a
part
of
it
covered
by
eyelids.
The
eyeball
should
be
too
small.
At
least
the
whole
object
should
be
visible.
(Unless
it
is
for
a
very
strong
expression.)
4.男性人物的双眼同样是光彩熠熠的,不过一般高光的区域没那么大与明显而已。在眼珠的左边缘画一个椭圆形,右角画一个尖形作为高光区。
The
eyes
for
a
male
character
should
also
be
shining
and
bright.
But,
the
area
of
the
high
light
is
not
so
big
and
obvious.
Draw
an
oval
at
the
left
side
of
the
eyeball
and
a
sharp
pointed
shape
at
the
right
side
as
high
light.
5.画好瞳孔、亮光及较深的阴影,特别是如果人物有一双颜色很暗的眼睛。再画双眼皮和睫毛。男性人物的眉毛一般都较黑,较粗,所以记得别画成细细的柳叶眉了。这个可不难,没错吧?^_^
用不着担心眼睛看起来太女性化,其实往往很难讲清哪些眼睛一定属于男人哪些一定得属于女性(眼睛毕竟不是区分性别的标志)。某些风格的眼睛也能男女通用。
Refine
the
pupil,
high
light,
and
shade,
especially
if
the
character
has
dark
colored
eyes.
Then,
draw
the
eyelids
and
eyelash.
Male
characters
usually
have
darker
and
thicker
eyebrows.
So
be
sure
not
drawing
very
fine
"willow
leaf
eyebrows".
This
is
not
so
difficult,
is
it?
Don't
worry
the
eyes
have
a
feminine
look.
Actually,
it
is
difficult
to
tell
the
eyes
from
men's
of
women's.
(After
all
the
eyes
are
not
parts
of
the
features
of
sex.)
Some
kinds
of
eyes
can
be
either
men's
or
women's.
6.
纤细、狭长类的眼睛常常(当然也不是绝对)和那些比较黑暗、深沉的人物联系在一起。
坏人一般都长着较狭窄的眼睛,不过也别把所有长这种眼睛的角色都当成敌人。要画这种风格的眼睛,先画一条长的曲线,注意曲线左端要比右边斜。
Long
and
thin
eyes
are
usually
(but
not
absolutely)
associated
with
dark
and
deep-minded
characters.
Bad
guys
usually
have
relatively
long
and
narrow
eyes.
But
don't
always
think
the
characters
whoever
have
such
eyes
are
bad
guys.
To
draw
this
kind
of
eyes,
you
have
to
draw
a
long
curved
line
first.
Be
aware
that
the
left
end
of
the
curve
should
be
more
slanted
the
right
side.
7.接着,从上眼框的两边出发画两条对角辅助线,其角度和教程的前三篇讲的有些不同:左边一条要比右边一条平很多。参考辅助线画出眼睛的下面部分,它应该是弯曲的,并非一条直线,所以整个眼睛象一个拉长了的尖的椭圆形。
Then,
from
the
two
ends
of
the
eye,
draw
two
guiding
lines
that
cross
each
other.
The
angle
between
them
should
be
a
bit
different
from
the
previous
three
chapters.
The
left
line
should
be
much
more
flat
than
the
right
one.
Using
the
guiding
lines,
draw
the
parts
below
the
eyelid.
The
lines
should
be
curved,
cannot
be
a
straight
line.
So
that
the
whole
eye
is
an
elongated
oval
with
two
sharp
tips.
8.擦掉辅助线画好虹膜。虹膜应该被上眼皮复盖,否则,虹膜就是一个完美的圆形。把眼睛右角的线颜色加浓。
Erase
the
guiding
lines
and
finish
the
iris.
The
iris
should
be
covered
by
the
upper
eyelid.
Otherwise
the
pupil
would
be
a
perfect
round.
Then,
darken
the
lines
at
the
right
corner
of
the
eye.
9.画出高光,和眼睛上面的双眼皮。
Draw
the
high
light
and
draw
the
double-folded
upper
eyelid.
10.加上瞳孔并在虹膜上画好阴影,再添上眉毛后,这只眼睛就画完了。最后把线条处理平滑、加暗就搞定了。^_^
Add
the
pupil
to
the
eye
and
draw
the
shade
on
the
iris.
After
adding
eyebrows
the
drawing
of
the
eye
is
finished.
Finally,
smooth
the
lines
and
darken
certain
areas
to
finalize
this
eye.
11.画过了右眼后,或你也会想再画一下左眼。你所需要做的就是把原来那只眼睛画一个精确的镜像图。但是,摆放第二只眼睛的位置需要些技巧。动画中的眼睛,
无论什么风格,双眼总是相距一只眼睛的长度。其间距可能会或大或小,不过用单只眼睛的长度来测量是较好的方式(就是常说三亭五眼)。
After
drawing
the
right
eye,
perhaps,
you
would
like
to
draw
a
left
eye.
All
what
you
have
to
do
is
draw
an
accurate
mirror
image
of
the
right
eye.
However,
it
takes
skills
to
place
the
second
eye.
In
cartoons,
the
distance
between
a
pair
of
eyes
is
always
the
length
of
an
eye.
It
might
be
shorter
or
longer,
but
it
is
a
better
way
to
gauge
the
distance.
12.可能你不会总画人物脸部的正面,所以应该了解在不同的角度要如何排列眼睛的位置。在《常规面部画法自学指导》的“头部”
内容中,你会看到如何通过曲线作辅助线来定义眼睛摆放的位置。初学时都用画辅助线的方法以助于确定眼睛的位置,直到自己真正熟练后便不必如此了--你不会希望眼睛会偏离中心吧。注意左图中,右边的眼睛比左边的小很多也平得多,对,因为它离你较远些。
Maybe,
you
will
not
draw
the
front
side
of
faces
only.
So,
it
is
necessary
to
arrange
the
positions
of
eyes
from
different
angles.
As
described
in
the
book
"Guides
to
Techniques
of
Drawing
Common
Faces
for
Self
Teaching",
you
will
see
how
to
use
curved
guiding
lines
to
position
the
eyes.
For
beginners,
it
is
common
to
use
guiding
lines
to
help
position
the
eyes.
When
you
are
skilled,
you
don't
have
to
do
so.
You
would
not
put
eyes
away
from
the
center,
Right?
Pay
attention
to
the
left
picture.
The
right
eye
is
much
smaller
and
flatter
than
the
left
one,
yes,
because
is
further
away
from
you.
13.这一幅也非常相似--除了头是往另一个方向仰起的。在此图中,左边的眼睛比右边的小,但双眼仍然是顺着脸部的曲线。如果两只眼睛的位置摆得不适当,那看起来会很糟糕的,所以--哼哼,小心点!
This
drawing
is
very
similar,
except
that
the
head
is
raised
up
toward
the
other
direction.
In
this
drawing,
the
left
eye
is
smaller
than
the
right
one,
but
the
two
eyes
go
along
with
the
curves
of
the
face.
If
the
two
eyes
are
inappropriately
positioned,
it
will
look
terrible.
So,
er-hen,
be
careful!
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第1个回答  2006-08-17
合同法什么是合同?
1) 合同是协议
2) 提升义务
3) 由法律强制执行或认出。
合同法协议 那里必须是:
1) 一个确定提议。
2) 不够资格的采纳。党达成了协议吗?
1) 法院分析将由看往来在提议和采纳上下文? 2) 测试是客观的! 党真正的意图不相关根据提议和采纳式样"镜象规则" 即如果卖主的offer(terms) 与买家, 期限, 没有镜象不同一个毫不含糊的提议匹配了由毫不含糊的采纳 男管家V 前细胞- O Corporation (1979) 举行了: 卖主, 成为了接受条件由回复通过撕毁滑动, 对买家的offeree 。Gibson V 曼彻斯特市议会(1979)本回答被提问者采纳
第2个回答  2019-03-18
但是让我们把鼓舞nokia的这个归功于高端电子产品的失败
第3个回答  2019-06-16
但是让的公正的粉笔这截至更多高端消费者没有做在诺基亚?