您好，这一句英语，By the time he was ten, he too had discovered the astounding importance people place on their own name.
的主干结构是 he had discovered the importance，其余的都是起到修饰的作用。
主语 = he
谓语 = had discovered（过去完成时）
宾语 = importance
1）too 为程度副词，这里可以看做是插入语，通常的写法是前后加逗号（原句应该是 he had discovered the importance, too. 但由于imporantcehe 后面接了一个定语从句，所以 too 置前了，放到了主语和谓语的中间了，而在这里由于 he 的前main还有个状语从句，和一个（，）逗号，所以 too 的前后逗号去掉了，否者正规模式应该还是 he, too, had discoered the astoundig importance
2）the 为定冠词，特指 importance 中的一种
3）astounding 为非谓语动词用法，也就是现在分词作形容词修饰 importance
by the time he was ten 为（时间状语从句），其中：
1）介词短语 by the time 为连词，相当于 when 的用法；
2）时间状语从句 = 主系表
3）从句主语 = he
4）从句谓语 = 系动词 be
5）表语 = ten（年龄）
people place on their own name 为（定语从句）修饰 importance，其引导词（that）被省略了，其中：
1）定语从句结构 = 主谓宾
2）从句主语 = people
3）从句谓语 = place
4）从句宾语 = 为介宾结构 on their own name.
所以句子依次拓展为：
1）核心主句 = He had discovered the importance
2）主句拓展#1 = He, too, had discovered the astounding importance
3）主句拓展#2 = He, too, had discovered the astounding importance (that) people place on their own name.
4）主句拓展#3 = By the time he was ten, he too had discoered the astounding importance people place on their own name.
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